Brief Introduction of HIAF and EIC in IMP Xurong Chen （ For Guoqing Xiao ） The Institute of Modern Physics CAS, Lanzhou, China Dec 18, 2015

Outline 1.Introduction 2.HIAF Project 4.Current Status and Summary 2

1 Introduction 3

Bird view of IMP

Year Million RMB The total staff : students Total budget: 90 M US$, increasing step by step. 2013/550M RMB About IMP

Summary CIADS IMP Facilities History

– Key reactions in stellar evolution – Spallation & nuclear data forADS project – High energy density physics Applications with ion beam – Material: nano-tech., nuclear energy structural material, … – Radio-biology: tumor therapy, mutation breeding, … - Nuclear energy,ADS Detector development and accelerator technology – Si detectors: Si(Au), Si(Li), Si-strip – Scintillator detectors: CsI, LaBr, plastic sci., liquid sci. … – Gaseous detectors: IC, TPC, PPAC, MWPC, MWDC, MicroMeGAS, GEM, … - Key technology development related to HIAF andADS Highest Priorities Precision measurement of – Hadronic physics exotic and stable ions – HCI interaction with laser, electron, molecule, and surface key technique R&D related toADS and HIAF Tumor therapy & mutation breeding Material sciences Scientific Activities Based on Accelerator at IMP Fundamental researches on nuclear & atomic physics – Reactions with exotic nuclei: elastic scattering, total cross-section, … – Nuclear spectroscopy: mass measurement,  -spectroscopy,  -delayed neutron(proton) emission, … – Nuclear matter: properties of asymmetric nuclear matter – Chemistry of super-heavy elements, and synthesis of new isotopes

2. HIAF 8

(Physics Today, May 2013) China prepares to spend billions (US Dollars) on science & technology 12th five-year plan: Mid- to long-term projects ranked by priority 1. Ocean-floor scientific survey network 2. High-energy synchrotron test facility 3. Accelerator-driven subcritical reactor research facility 4. Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility 5. High-flux heavy ion accelerator ---> HIAF 6. High-efficiency, low-carbon gas turbine testing facility 7. Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory 8. Future network experimental facility 9. Outer-space environment simulating facility 10. Translational medicine research facility 11. China Antarctic Observatory 12. Precision gravity measurement research facility 13. Large-scale low-speed wind tunnel 14. Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phase-II Beamline Project 15. Model animal phenotype and heredity research facility 16. Earth system digital simulator China National Mid- to long-term projects:  12th five-year plan: 2011~2015  13th five-year plan: 2016~2020 9

HIAF second phase Two phases plan of HIAF HIAF first phase Considering the science goals, technology development, project cost and other factors, the HIAF project will be divided into two phases. General description & status

iLinac: Superconducting linac Length:180 m Energy: 25MeV/u(U 34+ ) BRing: Booster ring Circumference: 440 m Rigidity: 34 Tm Beam accumulation Beam cooling Beam acceleration CRing: Compression ring Circumference: 880 m Rigidity: 43 Tm Barrier bucket stacking Beam compression Beam acceleration In-beam experiment SRing: Spectrometer ring Circumference:250m Rigidity: 13Tm Electron/Stochastic cooling Two TOF detectors Three operation modes ERL: Energy Recovery Linac electron machine HIAF layout-First Phase : Multi-purpose facility with unprecedented parameters General description & status

Main features of HIAF first phase  High intensity /Short pulse (1.0  ppp / ns)  High current & high charge state SC ion Linac (  p  U  + /Superconducting )  Two planes painting injection supported by electron cooling Nearly 150 turns one injection, 5 times of conventional multiturn injection  Beam cooling (Electron, Stochastic, laser)  Super long period slow extraction (Quasi-continuous high energy beam)  Multi-operation modes (parallel operation, beam splitting and switching to different terminals)

HIAF First Phase: Physics Goals 1.Nuclear Physics 2.Nuclear astrophysics 3.Atomic physics 4.High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) 13

HIAF 建设经费概算 Items1 st phase ( MRMB ) iLinac360 BRing350 CRing eLinac ERing High energy electron cooling Beam transfer line50 Experiment setups240 Cryogenics80 Civil engineering190 Tunnel construction160 Contingency cost100 Total of facility 1530 (central government) Land & infrastructure 1400 (local government) Total2930 Budget of HIAF ( 1 st phase )

20~ Critical Points Design Construction and Installation Commissioning Budget periods Idea design Conceptual design Key technologies R&D Design report preparation, submission, approval Detailed design & prototype Civil construction Equipment construction, Fabrication Installation iLinac, BRing, CRing commissioning Combined commissioning Start of operation Plan Approval Start construction Commissioning Operation Schedule for the HIAF ( 1 st phase ) BP2BP3BP4BP1

Electron injector Polarized, 3GeV Second phase for HIAF-EIC A High Luminosity for Electron-Ion Collider A New Experimental Quest to Study the Sea quark and Gluon HIAF design maintains a well defined path for EIC Update to figure-8 Polarized, 12GeV, proton SRF Linac-ring Polarized H 2+ source Siberian Snake And Spin rotator Electron ring Polarized, 3GeV

pe Beam energy,GeV123 Collisionfrequency,MHz Particlesperbunch, Beamcurrent,A0.323 Energyspread RMSbunchlength,cm21 EmittanceH/V,nmrad150/5030/10 β*H/V,m0.02/ /0.1 Beam-beamtuneshift Lasletttuneshift0.023Small Hourglassfactor LuminosityperIP,10cms 3.0 A symmetric final focusing (β* x =β* y ) Assuming a little smaller emittance Luminosity : Conservative estimate: ~3x10 32 With optimization: ~5x1032 Luminosity estimation of HIAF-EIC Keep Laslett tune-shift around 0.02 due to the electron cooling consideration.

Items EIC Budget(100MRMB) iLinac BRing0.1 CRing1.9 eLinac3.57 ERing4.0 Highenergyelectroncooling1.0 Beamtransferline0.25 Experimentsetups3.1(EICDetector) Cryogenics1.2 Civilengineering1.73 Tunnelconstruction0.9 Contingencycost1.3 Total HIAF 建设经费概算 Preliminary budget of HIAF-EIC

3. 19

Nucleon Structure and QCD Nucleon: proton =(uud), neutron=(udd) + sea + gluons Nucleon structure is one of the most active areas spin distributions flavour distributions distributions in nuclei further tests of QCD non-perturbative regime QCD ? confinement: One of the top 10 challenges for physics! QCD: Important for discovering new physics beyond SM

Unified view of nucleon structure 21 3D imaging of nucleon structure:  TMDs – confined motion in a nucleon (semi-inclusive DIS)  GPDs – Spatial imaging of quarks and gluons (exclusive DIS)

EIC: Electron-Ion Collider e-e- e+e+ p Polarized electrons Polarized protons Heavy ions (Au) Polarized light ions D, 3 He Effective neutron Polarized positrons

EIC: Science Motivation A High Luminosity, High Energy Electron-Ion Collider: A New Experimental Quest to Study the Sea and Glue How do we understand the visible matter in our universe in terms of the fundamental quarks and gluons of QCD? Precisely image the sea-quarks and gluons in the nucleon: –How do the gluons and sea-quarks contribute to the spin structure of the nucleon? –What are the 3D distributions of the gluons and sea quarks in the nucleon? –How do hadronic final-states form in QCD? Explore the new QCD frontier: strong color fields in nuclei: –How do the gluons contribute to the structure of the nucleus? –What are the properties of high density gluon matter? –How do fast quarks or gluons interact as they traverse nuclear matter?

EIC High Energy Physics (LHC,LHeC Cosmic Rays) Lattice Gauge Theory Condensed Matter Physics (B-E Condensates, Spin Glasses Graphene)

Existing and future EIC in the World RHIC  eRHIC LHC  LHeC CEBAF  MEIC/EIC FAIR  ENC HERA 25

The Science of eRHIC/MEIC Goal: Explore and Understand QCD: Map the spin and spatial structure of quarks and gluons in nucleons Discover the collective effects of gluons in atomic nuclei (role of gluons in nuclei & onset of saturation) Emerging Themes: Understand the emergence of hadronic matter from quarks and gluons & EW The Science of One Main Goal: Explore Hadron Structure Map the spin-flavor, multi-d spatial/momentum structure of valence & sea quarks The Science of LHeC Goal: lepton-proton at the TeV Scale Hunt for quark substructure & high-density matter (saturation) High precision QCD & EW studies and possible implications for GUT Science Goals

NSAC Long Range Plan Recommendation III We recommend a high-energy high-luminosity polarized EIC as the highest priority for new facility construction following the completion of FRIB.

Lepton-Nucleon Facilities HIAF: e(3GeV) +p(12~16 GeV), both polarized, L>= 4*10 32 cm 2 /s 28/31 The energy reach of the is significantly higher than JLab12 but lower than the full EIC being considered in US COMPASS has similar (slightly higher) energy, but significantly lower polarized luminosity (about a factor of 200 lower, even though the unpolarized luminosity is only a factor of 4 lower) HERA only has electron and proton beams collision, but no electron and light or heavy ion beams collision, no polarized beams and its luminosity is low (10^31).

12 GeV With 12 GeV we study mostly the valence quark component An EIC aims to study gluon dominated matter and sea quark component. The Landscape of EIC mEIC EIC

Kinematic Coverage Comparison with JLab 12 GeV : Explore the spin and spatial structure of valence & sea quarks in nucleons The best region for studying sea quarks (x > 0.01) higher Q 2 in valance region, Allows some study gluons 30

Physics Programs at Six Golden Experiments 1. Nucleon spin-flavor structure (polarized sea,  s) 2. GPDs (Deep-Virtual Meson Production, pion/Kaon) 3.TMD in “sea quark” region and significant increase in Q 2 / P T range for valence region 4. Pion/Kaon structure functions in the high-x (valence) region 5. e-A to study hadronization 6. EMC-SRC in e-A 31 Proposed by international and Chinese High energy nuclear physics communities

1. Spin-Flavor Study at Understanding the spin structure of the nucleon in terms of constituent partons, i.e. quarks and gluons, has been and still is an essential task of subatomic physics The electron ion collider(EIC) provides unique opportunities to study the inner structure of the nucleon, especially the polarized distribution functions of sea quarks combination of energy and luminosity Significant improvement for  ubar,  dbar from SIDIS } Sea Quark Polarization 32 Unique opportunity for Δs

GPDs – Spatial imaging of quarks and gluons GPDs can be extracted from suitable exclusive scattering processes in ep collisions Deeply virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) and deeply virtual exclusive meson production (DVMP) 11/15/ GPD Meson DVCS DVMP 2. GPD Study at

DVCS simulations 3 x 12 GeV 5 x 25 GeV 34 flavor decomposition needs DVMP energy reaches Q 2 > 5~10 GeV 2, scaling region for exclusive light meson production JLab12 energy is not high enough to have clean meson deep exclusive process significant increase in range for DVCS; Unique opportunity for DVMP (pion/Kaon) DVCS/DVMP interferes with the Bethe-Heitler process

3. TMD Study at compared to the 1D parton distributions, the TMDs are much less understood In order to improve our understanding on the TMDs, it is important to perform precision measurements SIDIS provides a powerful probe of 3D TMD quark distributions 35 At the leading twist, there are 8 different TMD quark distributions These distributions represent various correlations between the transverse momentum of the quark k T, the nucleon momentum P, the nucleon spin S, and the quark spin s q

TMD Sivers From COMPASS and HERMERS 36 Many new and interesting results were obtained in last decade. Basic contributions came from the COMPASS,HERMES and JLab experiments

π+ Sivers asymmetries for all kinematic bin in terms of different z and Q2 bin Green (Blue) Points: SoLID projections for polarized NH 3 ( 3 He/n) target Luminosity: (10 36 ) (1/cm 2 /s); Time: 120 (90) days; Black points: projections for 3 GeV e and 12 GeV p Luminosity: 4 x /cm 2 /s; Time: 200 days The TMD simulation: Projections for SIDIS Asymmetry π + By Haiyan Gao (Duke) 37 (x, Q 2, z and P T )

 Parton Distribution Function in Valence Quark Region The pion, being the lightest meson, is particularly interesting not only because of its importance in chiral perturbation theory, but also because of its importance in explaining the quark sea in the nucleon and the nuclear force in nuclei  contains a valence quark and antiquark as well as a partonic sea Theoretical calculations in the valence region: Dyson-Schwinger and NJL models The general features of the valence structure of the pion are qualitatively understood. However, there is no good understanding of the pion sea. 38  Existing data for the  structure function from Drell-Yan scattering, compared to the calculation of DSE.  discrepancy between the data and the theoretical calculation at very high x, another measurement using a different technique at high x would be important.

  structure simulation for  3 GeV e and 12 GeV p  Luminosity: 5 x /cm 2 /s;  Time:10 6 seconds By Paul Reimer (Argonne)  Parton Distribution Function in Valence Quark Region will be able to extract pion PDFs with a high precision. These, together with the Kaon PDFs, will provide benchmark tests of theoretical calculations, such as Lattice QCD and the Schwinger-Dyson equations approach. 39

Hadron Physics for The systematics of the hadron excitation spectrum is important to our understanding of the effective degree of freedom underlying nucleon matter The e+e- machine, such as Belle, BaBar and BES, search for new states charmonium states: X, Y and Z particles The JLab12 GlueX searches for gluon excitation, as well as Search for new hadron states The as ep machine, higher CM energy than Jlab12 GeV Upgrade, should have some advantages in this field, but more study is needed!

4. Current Status and Summary 41

Site of HIAF project-new campus HIAF site View of the HIAF campus HIAF will be in Huizhou, Guangdong Province.

43/31 Lanzhou + Guangdong Guangdong + Lanzhou HIRFL run HIRFL upgrade HIAF R&D Heavy Ion physics Heavy ion beam applications HIRFL run and upgrade HIAF construct HIAF-EIC R&D Heavy Ion physics Heavy ion beam applications HIRFL run HIAF run HIAF-EIC construct HIAF-ISOL construct Heavy Ion physics Heavy ion beam applications High energy density physics (fusion) Neutrino HIAF Development in IMP Lanzhou

HIAF and facility HIAF the first phase will be approved very soon! IMP will construct HIAF 2 nd phase - EIC around 2023 Examples of Possible “Golden Experiments” Nucleon spin-flavor structure (polarizd sea,  s) 3-d structure: GPDs (DVMP) and DVCS 3-d structure: TMDs (sea, range in Q 2, P T ) Meson (pion/Kaon) structure function at high-x Hadronization/EMC/SRC opens up a new window to study/understand nucleon structure, especially the sea quark region Forefront of hadron physics Exciting new opportunities Summary

Thanks for your attention!