Regions of the Brain  Cerebral hemispheres  Diencephalon  Cerebellum  Brain stem روند تکامل و تقسیم بندی سیستم عصبی

The basic components of the CNS include the: Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Spinal cord 2 بررسی ساختار ساقه مغز

بررسی ساختار پل مغز و مدولا

Functions Cranial nerve nuclei: sensory, motor, autonomic functions in head and neck Reticular formation: consciousness Long fiber tracts بررسی عملکرد ساقه مغز

Balance بررسی عملکرد مخچه

Motor Skill بررسی عملکرد مخچه

AtaxiaTremor

بررسی ساختار مدولا، پل مغز و مخچه

Midbrain  Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers  Reflex centers for vision and hearing  Cerebral aqueduct  Substantioa nigra بررسی ساختار مغز میانی

Cranial Nerves

III VI V VII VIII 5 IXIX XI XII

IV

Cranial Nerve 1: Olfactory Nerve Anosmia Patients complain of loss of taste. Head injury is a common cause.

Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve

Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI: Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens Trochlear Nucleus in midbrain Nerve exits dorsal surface Moves eye Oculomotor Nucleus in midbrain Innervates 4 extraocular muscles and functions in most eye movements Contains parasympathetic which innervates pupillary constrictor muscles Abducens Nucleus in pons Moves eye

Trigeminal ganglion Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions Sensory: Touch, pain, temp, proprioception for face, mouth, anterior 2/3 of tongue, nasal sinuses. Motor: Muscles of chewing Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve

Motor function: muscles of facial expression. Parasympathetic function: innervation of lacrimal glands and some salivary gland. Visceral sensory function: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve

Vestibular and Cochlear Sensory Organs

Motor function: stylopharyngeus muscle which elevates pharynx during talking and swallowing and participates in gag reflex. Parasympathetic function: innervation of parotid salivary gland. Visceral sensory function: taste from posterior1/3 of tongue Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Motor function: pharyngeal muscles (swallowing) & laryngeal muscles (vocalization) Parasympathetic function: innervation of heart, lungs, most if digestive tract. Somatic sensation function: sensation from pharynx, meninges, external auditory meatus. Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve

Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory Nerve Motor : sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Motor function: intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles. Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve