All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment. Section 1: Community Ecology

Essential Questions How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species? How do ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of organisms? What are the stages of primary and secondary succession? Community Ecology Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Review abiotic factor New community limiting factor tolerance ecological succession primary succession climax community secondary succession Community Ecology Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Vocabulary

Communities A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time.

Communities Limiting Factors Any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or redistribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. –Abiotic limiting factors includes sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space –Biotic limiting factors include other plant and animal species

Communities Range of Tolerance For any environmental condition, there is an upper limit and lower limit an organism can survive. The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors is called tolerance.

Ecological Succession The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological succession. There are two types of ecological succession – primary succession and secondary succession.

Ecological Succession Primary succession The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is primary succession. The stable, mature community that results when there is little change in species composition is a climax community. Community Ecology Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Community Ecology Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Ecological Succession Secondary succession The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is secondary succession.

Review Essential Questions How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species? How do ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of organisms? What are the stages of primary and secondary succession? Vocabulary community limiting factor tolerance ecological succession primary succession climax community secondary succession

Ecosystems on land are grouped into biomes primarily based on the plant communities within them. Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes

Essential Questions How is latitude related to the three major climate zones? What are the major abiotic factors that determine the location of a terrestrial biome? How are the terrestrial biomes distinguished based on climate and biotic factors? Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Review biome New weather latitude climate tundra boreal forest New continued temperate forest woodland grassland desert tropical savanna tropical seasonal forest tropical rain forest Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Vocabulary

Effects of Latitude and Climate _________ is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. Weather and community variations are driven by global differences in _________ and __________ conditions.

Effects of Latitude and Climate Latitude ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. _________________ strikes the Earth more directly at the _________ than at the poles.

Effects of Latitude and Climate Climate The average weather conditions in an area, including ______________ and __________, describe an area’s climate. Plants and animals have adapted to the climate of their biome – ___________ ______________ in temperature and precipitation can affect them.

The Greenhouse Effect

Visualizing Global Effects on Climate

Major Land Biomes Tundra The tundra is a treeless biome with a layer of ____________________ (Permafrost). Temperature range: ___________; average precipitation: _________cm/year Geographic location: ____________________________________________ Constant cycle of freezing and thawing does not allow tree roots to grow.

Major Land Biomes Boreal forest The _______________ (Also called the Taiga or Coniferous Forest) is a dense evergreen or coniferous forest. Temperature range: -54°C–21°C; average precipitation: cm/year Geographic location: northern part of North America, Europe, and Asia ____________ are short and moist; _________ are long, cold, and dry Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Temperate forest The temperate forest (Also called the Deciduous Forest) is composed of broad-leaved, deciduous trees Temperature range: -30°C–30°C; average precipitation: cm/year Geographic location: south of the boreal forests in eastern North America, eastern Asia, Australia, and Europe Four well-defined seasons; summers are hot, winters are cold Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Temperate grassland Woodlands and mixed shrub communities are found in areas with less annual rainfall than temperate forests Temperature range: 10°C–40°C; average precipitation: cm/year Geographic location: surrounds the Mediterranean Sea, western coast of North and South America, South Africa, and Australia Summers are very hot and dry; winters are cool and wet Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Temperate grassland A grassland has fertile soils that are able to support a thick cover of grasses Temperature range: -40°C–38°C; average precipitation: cm/year Geographic location: North America, South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia Summers are hot; winters are cold; moderate rainfall; fires possible Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Desert A desert is any area where average evaporation > average precipitation Temperature range: high: 20°C–49°C low: -18°C–10°C; average precipitation: 2-26 cm/yr Geographic location: every continent except Europe Abiotic factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Tropical savanna A tropical savanna has grasses and scattered trees, and less precipitation than other tropical areas Temperature range: 20°C–30°C; average precipitation: cm per year Geographic location: Africa, South America, and Australia Summers are hot and rainy; winters are cool and dry Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Tropical Seasonal Forest A tropical seasonal forest is analogous to a temperate forest, and has distinct wet and dry seasons Temperature range: 20°C–25°C; average precipitation: >200 cm per year Geographic location: Africa, Asia, Australia, and South and Central America Abiotic factors: rainfall is seasonal Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Major Land Biomes Tropical Rain Forest A tropical rainforest has warm temperatures and large amounts of rainfall throughout the year Temperature range: 24°C–27°C; average precipitation: cm/year Geographic location: Central and South America, southern Asia, western Africa, and northeastern Australia Humid all year; hot and wet Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes

Ecosystems, Organisms, and Trophic Levels Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Virtual Lab

Other Terrestrial Areas Mountains Mountains do not fit the definition of a biome, because their climatic characteristics change with elevation. Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Other Terrestrial Areas Polar Regions Border the tundra at high altitudes Polar regions are cold all year, and covered by a thick layer of ice Average winter temperature is about -30°C Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Terrestrial Biomes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Review Essential Questions How is latitude related to the three major climate zones? What are the major abiotic factors that determine the location of a terrestrial biome? How are the terrestrial biomes distinguished based on climate and biotic factors? Vocabulary weather latitude climate tundra boreal forest temperate forest woodland grassland tropical savanna tropical seasonal forest tropical rain forest

Aquatic ecosystems are grouped based on abiotic factors such as water flow, depth, distance from shore, salinity, and latitude. Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems

Essential Questions Section 3-3 What are the major abiotic factors that determine the aquatic ecosystems? What are transitional aquatic ecosystems and why are they important? What are the zones of marine ecosystems?

Review salinity New sediment littoral zone limnetic zone plankton profundal zone New continued wetlands estuary intertidal zone photic zone aphotic zone benthic zone abyssal zone Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Vocabulary

The Water on Earth Aquatic environments are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems. Only about 2.5 percent of the water on Earth is freshwater. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers and streams Water in rivers and streams flow in one direction. The slope of the landscape determines the direction and speed of the water. Sediment is the material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers and streams Interactions between land and water result in differences in erosion, nutrient availability, and species composition and diversity along the course of the water. Fast moving water: less sediment and organic matter; fewer species Slow moving water: sediment is deposited as mud, silt, and sand; supports a diversity of plant and animal species Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds An inland body of standing water is called a lake or pond. The temperature of lakes and ponds varies depending on the season. Turnover in lake water circulates nutrients and oxygen between water depths Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds Lakes and ponds are divided into three zones based on the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water. The littoral zone is closest to shore, shallow, and sunlight reaches the bottom. The littoral zone is a highly productive area, with numerous producers. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds The limnetic zone is an open water area that is well lit. Production is dominated by phytoplankton, free-floating autotrophs Home to many freshwater fish

Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds The profundal zone is the deepest part of a lake or pond. Little light penetrates through the limnetic layer Colder and lower in oxygen

Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems Wetlands Areas of land such as marshes, swamps, and bogs that are saturated with water and that support aquatic plants are called wetlands. Wetlands have high levels of species diversity. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries An estuary is where freshwater from a stream or river meets saltwater from the ocean. Estuaries can support a variety of habitats, such as mangrove forests or salt marshes. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Marine Ecosystems Intertidal zone The intertidal zone is a narrow band where the ocean meets land. Organisms must adapt to daily changes in tides and wave action. The intertidal zone is further divided into vertical zones. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Marine Ecosystems Open ocean ecosystems The open ocean is divided into three zones: pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. The pelagic zone is further divided into two zones The photic zone is shallow enough that sunlight is able to penetrate. The aphotic zone is an area that sunlight is unable to penetrate. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Marine Ecosystems Open ocean ecosystems The benthic zone is the area along the ocean floor. In shallow areas, the benthic zone receives sunlight, as depth increases, light and temperature decrease. Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Marine Ecosystems Open ocean ecosystems The deepest region of the ocean is called the abyssal zone. Water is very cold, and there is no light penetration Organisms depend on food materials that sink from the surface Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Marine Ecosystems Coastal ocean and coral reefs Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Widely distributed in warm shallow marine waters Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Aquatic Ecosystems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Review Essential Questions What are the major abiotic factors that determine the aquatic ecosystems? What are transitional aquatic ecosystems and why are they important? What are the zones of marine ecosystems? Vocabulary photic zone aphotic zone benthic zone abyssal zone sediment littoral zone limnetic zone plankton profundal zone wetlands estuary intertidal zone