Wood classification: Exogenous trees Endogenous trees Seasoning of Timber This is the process of drying timber or removing moisture or sap present in freshly felled trees under controlled conditions. (i) Artificial seasoning or kiln seasoning (ii) Natural seasoning or air seasoning Defects of Timber Defects occurring during growth of a tree. Defects occurring after felling of a tree.

Preservation of Timber; Chemical preservatives are used Tar oils Water soluble chemical salts Organic solvent chemicals Method of application of preservatives; Brush and spraying method Dipping or soaking method for 7days(steeping process) to attain chemical penetration of 3mm to 6mm. Pressure treatment( preservatives is injected to the timber by pressure in a airtight steel containers called autoclave Adhesives used in Carpentry Animal glue Resin glue

Vegetable glue Casein glue Blood albumen glue Gum arabic Contact cement Additional materials used in carpentry and joinery Nails Screws Bolt and nuts Dowels Carpentry tools Marking out and measuring tools: pencils, pencil compass, trammel points, marking gauge, mortise gauge, cutting gauge, four fold rule, steel tape, straight edge, try-square bevel square, combination set, calipers, dividers, wing compass, spirit level, plumb bob. Cutting tools