The Making of the Modern World Tuesday 25 October am THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: ORIGINS Sarah Richardson

Why is the Industrial Revolution (IR) important? The IR starts the world we live in, characterised by: - factories (industrial production - complex technology But also, the last 250 years have seen enormous changes in people's lives

Population9 million58 million Wealth per capita£1,500£21,000 Life expectancy4079 The UK in 1800 and 2000: some comparisons

To be precise… The IR is not a single event. The IR a series of events, changes and transformations occurred in a centain period of time. And historians have made sense of these events, by creating the concept of ‘The industrial revolution‘ The IR is strongly linked to the beginning of ‘modernity’

Today The IR in Britain, c Revolutions; General Features; Explanations Tomorrow The industrialisation in Continental Europe and beyond, c

The Revolutions 1. demographic increase (change in population) 2. urbanisation 3. agricultural revolution 4. commercial revolution 5. transport

1. Demographic increase

There are three ways to increase the total population: a. sustained immigration b. high birth rate (increase in no. of children born) c. lower death rate (people live longer).

1. Demographic increase

2. Urbanisation Cossins Map of Leeds 1725

Giles Map of Leeds 1815

Table 1. Urban population during the industrial revolution in Britain (in thousands) Birmigham 24 (1750) Manchester43 (1788) London Norwich36 (1752) Liverpool34 (1773) Glasgow

3. Agricultural Revolution an increase in agrarian production though the intensificaiton of agriculture: - using new lands (such as marginal land); - using existing land more efficiently (ex: enclosures); - and adopting new agrarian practises (ex: crop rotation).

4. Commercial Revolution

Imports from: % share (England) (Britain) Ireland513 Europe6229 North America67 West Indies1425 East Indies and Other 1426 Exports to: % share (England) (Britain) Ireland39 Europe8221 North America632 West Indies525 East Indies and Other 412

The way of moving people and goods in the eighteenth century was via: 1.Roads and turnpikes 2.waterways and costal shipping 3.canals. 5. Transport

The expression ‘industrial revolution’ was first used in French (revolution industrielle) in 1799 but came to be widel used in English only after the publication of the book entitled The Industrial Revolution by Arnold Toynbee in This was the first economic history of England in the age of industrialisation The Industrial Revolution: General Features

The Industrial Revolution: General Features The classic interpretation of the IR underlines: - Change from artisanal to industrial production - The use of inanimate energy, esp. coal - The intensification of labour - The proletarisation of the workforce - The urbanisation of the population

‘one might have arrived in Egypt since so many factory chimneys … stretch upwards towards the sky like great obelisks’ (Escher, in Anderson, Industrial Britain, p. 84). ‘the sight of an English industrial town … is most depressing; nothing pleases the eye’ and Manchester was ‘a place in which many were enslaved for the profit of the few and the sky was blotted out by smoke and dust’ (Schinkel, English Journeys, p. 13) ‘The Great Beehive’, that she thought was an ‘appropriate name for this immense hive of human industry, in which it would be difficult to forget … that man is not a mere working bee, living to fill his part in the hive and then to die!’ (Frederika Bremer, England in 1851, p. 16). ‘self-interest and money gain. In other countries men seek opulence to enjoy life; the English seek it to live’ (cit. in Wilson, Strange Island, p. 197). All in Giorgio Riello and Patrick K. O’Brien, 'The Future is Another Country: Offshore Views of the British Industrial Revolution', Journal of Historical Sociology, 22/1 (2009), pp. 1-29

The Industrial Revolution: Different Explanations Exp. 1. Until the 1970s (in particular c ): - economic growth - key sectors (esp. cotton textiles) -Factory production - Use of new technologies Exp. 2. From the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s: - a wider range of sectors - the continuity with pre-industrial manufacturing (manufactures) - consumption - proto-industrialisation Exp. 3. Since the mid 1990s: - the IR in a more global perspective, - new concept of ‘divergence’

Explanation 1: Economic Growth W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Comunist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960) underlined how the IR could be replicated in other parts of the world, especially the Third World. Deane & Cole, David Landes, Eric Hobsbawm and other economic historians gave more space to a view of the IR as a story of modernization. This way of telling the IR emphasised three issues: - The role of cotton textiles - The role of technology - The role of factories

Woman at a spinning wheel, spinning wool a. Cotton textile production

Richard Arkwright inventor of the ‘water frame’ for spinning cotton

Model of Water Frame by Arkwright, 1769 Arkwright’s factory in Derbyshire

Cartwright’s mechanic loom, c. 1830

b. Role of Technology Memorial to Boulton, Watt and Murdoch in Birmingham The industrial revolution as a ‘ wave of gadgets ’.

b. Role of Technology Critiques: technology is a necessary but not sufficient condition. the relationship between technology and science. how to explain technology itself? Technologies were: 1.were the result of multiple discoveries in which none of them is vital. 2.They were quite simple. 3.most inventors were popularised later

Robert Owen’s New Lanark near Glasgow, c. 1820

Explanation 2. Manufactures

Alternative smaller-scale units that co-existed with those factories were not so primitive during the IR Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures (1985; 2 nd edn. 1994). Explanation 2. Manufactures

Proto-industrialization Proto-industry is industrial production in small units mostly in the countryside to produce goods to be sold in distant market. The Proto-industrial model was developed by Franklin Mendels and developed by Kriedte, Medick & Schlumbohm. The model contained three elements: a strong link between agriculture and industry. production that was co-ordinated by so-called merchant- entrepreneurs. an industry dependent on long-distance markets.

Industrious Revolution Jan de Vries, The Industrious Revolution (Cambridge, 2008). The ‘industrious revolution’ formulation is important because: it emphasises labour rather than technology as the key element of industrial production it extends the chronologies of the IR backwards in time it connects consumption and production.

Tomorrow – the analysis continues…