Defining the Ultimate Aim A Global Context for Development Run in Slide Show mode

Sustainable Development

Triple Bottom Line Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs… As such it requires the promotion of values that encourage consumption standards that are within the bounds of the ecologically possible and to which all could reasonably aspire.

Incidence of poverty among young people (in %) in Sub-Saharan Africa Country Less than US$ 2 per day Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia,

At least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day

More than 80 percent of the world’s population lives in countries where income differentials are widening The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income. The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income. According to UNICEF, 25,000 children die each day due to poverty. Around percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunted. The two regions that account for the bulk of the deficit are South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

Based on enrolment data, about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005; 57 per cent of them were girls. Number of children in the world: 2.2 billion Number in poverty: 1 billion Number of children in the world: 2.2 billion Number in poverty: 1 billion Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names. Less than one per cent of what the world spent every year on weapons was needed to put every child into school by the year 2000 and yet it didn’t happen. Infectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world. An estimated 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 3 million deaths in Every year there are 350–500 million cases of malaria, with 1 million fatalities: Africa accounts for 90 percent of malarial deaths and African children account for over 80 percent of malaria victims worldwide.

Poverty Map

CountryAnnual CO2 emissionsPercentage of total emissions China6,103, % United States5,752, % European Union3,914, % Russia1,564,6695.5% India1,510,3515.3% Japan1,293,4094.6% Germany805,0902.8% United Kingdom568,5202.0% Canada544,6801.9%

Known global oil reserves and countries with highest endowments, 2006 Oil reserves (billions of barrels) Share of world total Saudi Arabia % Canada % Iran % Iraq % Kuwait % United Arab Emirates % Venezuela % Russian Federation604.60% Rest of the world % Fossil fuels will remain the main sources of energy through 2030 Fuel Annual growth: Total (million metric tons oil equivalent) % Coal % Oil % Gas % Nuclear % Hydropower % Blomass and waste % Other renewables %

Share of manufactures exports Y2000Y2006 East Asia & Pacific9%13% Europe and Central Asia3%4% Latin America and Carribean6% Middle East and North Africa1% South Asia1%2% Sub-Sharan Africa1% High income countries79%73%

Large current account surpluses and deficits average ($ billions) Share of all deficit / surplus economies (%) Percnateh of GDP United States %-6.0% Spain %-9.0% United Kingdom %-3.0% Australia %-6.0% Italy %-2.0% All deficit economies China %10.0% Germany %6.0% Japan %4.0% Saudi Arabia %27.0% Russian Federation %8.0% All surplus economies

Fiscal position (% of GDP) Public debt, 2007 Maximum debt, Fiscal balance, 2007 Low-income economies Large economies East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Carribean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Small economies Middle-income economies

Millennium Development Goals

The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development:  A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth.  Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weight).  A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in US dollars. PPP can be defined as the number of units of a country’s currency needed to buy the same amount of goods and services in that country as one U.S. dollar would buy in the United States. PPPs are preferable to currency exchange rates, which are determined by the demand for currencies to finance trade and investment and are also affected by speculative demands, because exchange rates do not necessarily reflect the relative prices of goods and services consumed in a country. Before the HDI itself is calculated, an index is created for each of these dimensions. To calculate these indices—the life expectancy, education and GDP indices—minimum and maximum values (goalposts) are chosen for each underlying indicator. For example, in 2004 the maximum and minimum values for life expectancy were 85 and 25 years, respectively. Performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The HDI is then calculated as a simple average of the dimension indices: HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index)+ 1/3 (GDP index)

1Iceland Norway Australia Canada Ireland Japan United States United Kingdom New Zealand0.943 High Level of Development 81China Cape Verde Algeria Egypt Gabon South Africa Botswana Namibia Morocco Equatorial Guinea India Ghana Mauritania Lesotho Congo Swaziland Madagascar Cameroon Sudan Kenya Djibouti Zimbabwe Togo Uganda Gambia Senegal Eritrea Nigeria Tanzania (United Republic of) Guinea Rwanda Angola Benin Malawi Zambia Côte d'Ivoire Burundi Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Ethiopia Chad Central African Republic Mozambique Mali Niger Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Sierra Leone0.336