Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 pp in your textbook

Carbon Chemistry Carbon has 4 valence electrons It can form strong covalent bonds It can bond with many elements including Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen It can bond with other Carbon atoms to form compounds that are very lengthy

Carbon Chemistry - cont. The Carbon - Carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds Carbon chains can even close up on themselves to form ring structures Carbon has the ability to form millions of large and complex structures

Macromolecules Means “giant molecules” Made from many smaller molecules Smaller monomers join to form polymers

Organic Compounds Contain the element Carbon There are 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things They are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 Used by living things as a main source of energy Structural purposes for some plants and animals

Carbohydrates – cont. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules. Ex. Glucose, galactose, and fructose Polysaccharides are large molecules formed from monosaccharides. Ex. Glycogen (animal starch), plant starch, cellulose

Lipids A large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water. They are mostly carbon and hydrogen. Ex. Fats, oils, waxes Can store energy Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

Lipids - cont Steroids are lipids Saturated means they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms Unsaturated means they contain at least one double bond Polyunsaturated means they contain more than one double bond

Nucleic Acids Large molecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus They are polymers assembled from monomers known as nucleotides Nucleotides consist of 3 parts – A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base These form nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids - cont Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information Ex. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) DNA – sugar is deoxyribose RNA – sugar is ribose

Proteins Large molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen They are polymers of amino acids Amino acids have an amino group on one end (-NH 2 ) and a carboxyl group on the other end (-COOH) More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature

Proteins-cont The arrangement of amino acids into proteins is stored in DNA Each protein has a specific role Proteins control rates of reaction, cellular processes, they form bones and muscle, transport substances into and out of cells, and help fight disease

Protein organization First level => sequence of amino acid in a chain Second level => amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded Third level => The chain itself is folded Fourth level => If more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space