Chapter 8 The High and Late Middle Ages Section 1 Royal Power Grows Section 2 The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Monarchs, Nobles and the Church – Monarchs had limited power – Nobles and the church had same or more power – Churches collected taxes – Churches carefully guarded their rights from monarchs – Between 1000 to 1300 power started to shift to monarchs – Undermined feudal and church contracts – Strengthened ties with the middle class

English Kings Strengthen Their Power William of Normandy Conquers England Backed by the Pope Sailed to England and won the Battle of Hastings Became William the Conqueror Anglo-Saxons blended with incoming French speaking peoples Expanding Royal Power Wanted to control kingdom Kept most land for himself Everyone swore allegiance to him before any others Introduced the first census Helped to collect taxes

English Kings Strengthen Their Power Developing a Unified Legal System Henry II inherited throne Made customs into laws Developed the foundation of common law Developed an early Jury system Conflict With the Church Disputes over authority Henry II wanted clergy in his courts Eventually led to the death of the Arch Bishop

Evolving Traditions of Government – King John Makes Powerful Enemies King John, the son of Henry II, inherited the throne He was a cruel ruler Lost multiple wars Lost lots of land Pope Innocent III put England on Interdict and King John gave in

Evolving Traditions of Government – The Magna Carta People became upset with taxes Drafted the Magna Carta – People had certain rights – Monarch was to obey the law King John had to sign Introduced legal judgment by peers Formed the basis of due process of law Introduced Habeas Corpus Couldn’t raise taxes without consulting the people

Evolving Traditions of Government – The Development of Parliament In the 1200s the King’s council of advisors turned into parliament King John asked parliament to approve money to spend on a war Representatives from each town

Successful Monarchs in France The Capetian Kings Hugh Capet became the French King in 987 Slowly increased royal power Capetian kings ruled for 300 years Stabilized the region Developed first bureaucracy Phillip Augustus Extends French Power In 1179 Phillip Augustus took power Able ruler Paid officials to fill government positions who were loyal to him Granted many new town charters Extended tax law Quadrupled royal land holdings Was the most powerful ruler in Europe at the time of his death

Successful Monarchs in France Louis IX< King and Saint Became king in 1226 Deeply religious Persecuted the Jews Governed like Charlemagne Heard cases himself, to ensure justice Clashing With the Pope Phillip IV extended royal power infinitely Led to a clash with the Pope Pope refused for clergy to be taxed Phillip IV threatened to arrest clergy who didn’t pay taxes Pope died shortly after escaping assassination New French Pope moved the church to Avignon Caused new Roman Pope to be selected

Successful Monarchs in France – Forming the Estates General Formed as groups of clergy, nobles and townspeople Never gained power

The Holy Roman Empire Otto I Becomes Emperor Worked closely with the church Defeated rebellious Roman Nobles Was crowned emperor by the Pope in 962 Emperors Struggle for Control German emperors claimed much of central and eastern Europe Appointed church officials challenged the power of emperors

The Feud Between Pope and Emperor Gregory IIV Causes Controversy Pope during Henry IV Policies aroused contempt Banned lay investiture Only pope could install bishops Henry IV Responds Believed bishops should be appointed by him

The Feud Between Pope and Emperor The Struggle Intensifies In 1076 the Pope excommunicated the king The king had to give in because he was facing revolt Henry IV repented The Pope reinstated his throne A Compromise: A Concordat of Worms 1122 treaty was signed Church selected bishops for spiritual authority King would assign fiefs

The Struggle For Italy German Emperors Try To Subdue Italy Frederick I called Frederick Barbarossa or “Red Beard” Fought to control Northern Italian cities Married his son to an heiress from Sicily Entangled German emperors in Italian affairs. Effects on Germany and Italy German nobles grew more independent Holy Roman Empire remained but grew weak

Church Power Reaches its Height Papal Supremacy Pope Innocent III took office in 1198 Claimed supremacy over all other rulers Clashed with powerful emperors Looking Ahead Popes continued to claim supremacy Philip IV successfully challenged Pope Papacy entered a period of decline

Vocabulary William the ConquerorKing of England that won the Battle of Hastings Common LawA legal system based on custom and court rulings JuryA group of men sworn to speak the truth King JohnCruel ruler, son of Henry II Magna CartaThe Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215; limited royal power and established certain rights of English Freemen Due Process of LawThe Requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does Habeas CorpusPrinciple that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime ParliamentThe legislature of England, and later Great Britain

Vocabulary Louis IXExtremely religious king of France Holy Roman EmpireEmpire of West Central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present day Germany and neighboring lands Henry IVCrowned King of Germany Gregory VIIPope during Henry IV’s rule Lay InvestitureAppoint of bishops by an one who is nota member of the clergy Frederick BarbarossaHelped blend Italian and German cultures Pope Innocent IIIClaimed papal supremacy