Late Middle Age Kingdoms AD

England

The area of modern England was controlled by weak Anglo- Saxon kingdoms –Frequently raided by Vikings

England When the king of England died without a son, several people claimed the throne –Ex: Duke William of Normandy

–The Normans were a group descended from the Vikings who settled in Northern France. Normandy

England Battle of Hastings: –October 14 th, 1066 –Norman Army: led by William –English Army: led by King Harold

England Battle of Hastings (continued) –William and the Normans win –King Harold was killed English resistance collapsed

England William took over as king of England and became known as William the Conqueror –First Norman king of England

England England under William’s rule: –French became the language of the ruling class –Brought feudalism to England –Built many castles to defend the land

England King Henry II –William’s great grandson –Increased the power of the king –Henry sent judges throughout his kingdom to collect taxes, settle lawsuits and punish crimes

England England under Henry II’s rule: –Judges established the first trials by jury –Over time, decisions made by judges were collected into a unified law code called common law Common Law – laws built on the decisions of previous judges

–Common law provides the basis of many English-speaking country’s law codes

England King John –Henry II’s son –Became king in 1199 –Poor military leader –Lost most English possessions in France

England England under King John’s rule: –John raised taxes to pay for lost battles and territories Levy – tax payment –English nobles revolted against John and fought a civil war

King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 The Magna Carta placed limitations on the king’s power and protected the rights of nobles

England Magna Carta: “Great Charter” –Document guaranteeing basic political rights in England Trial by jury Equal representation under the law No taxation without representation

England In 1295, King Edward I needed to raise taxes –Called a meeting of the nobles and wealthy citizens of England –This gathering was the first meeting of parliament

England Parliament – group of representatives that makes laws for a nation. –Form of Representative Democracy

England –Two Houses of Parliament –House of Lords is made up of nobles who pass their seats on to their children –House of Commons is made up of wealthy landowners who are elected

England By around 1300, England had a stable government, but had frequent conflicts with Scotland, Wales and Ireland

France

After Charlemagne’s death in 815, the Frankish empire was divided

By the year 1000, France was divided into about 30 feudal territories

France Hugh Capet controlled the area around Paris. –Established the Capetian Dynasty –Ruled / unified France from

France Philip II, one of Hugh Capet’s heirs, pushed the English (under King John) out of France Tripled the size of French controlled territory

Hundred Years War French and English History –The Norman (French) leader William the Conqueror took over England in 1066 –England controlled parts of France until Philip II pushed them out –English and French royalty married to create alliances

Hundred Years War 1328, the last of Hugh Capet’s direct descendants died –Power struggle began over who would rule France –This conflict over the throne of France caused a series of wars that lasted from

The English army was often outnumbered, but they were equipped with longbows –Longbowman were usually peasant farmers who were quickly trained for battle

Hundred Years War Although the French army was usually larger and made up of heavily armored and well-trained knights, they suffered three terrible defeats –Battle of Crecy (1346) –Battle of Poitiers (1356) –Battle of Agincourt (1415)

Hundred Years War The French were forced to sign a peace treaty which allowed the English to take over the French throne once the current French king died

–The three English victories at Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt also marked the end of the age of chivalry and made knights pointless No matter how well made the armor was, it couldn’t stand up against arrows Also, training and equipping knights was too expensive

Hundred Years War Joan of Arc – teenage girl who claimed to receive a vision from God that the French should not surrender –She convinced the French king, Charles VI, to pass the power on to his son and fight back against the English

–Joan of Arc led a French army in their victory over the English at the battle of Orleans in 1429

Charles VIII, son of Charles VI, was crowned king of France in 1429

Joan of Arc was later captured by English allies and charged with witchcraft by the church –She was burned at the stake in 1431

The Hundred Years War finally ended in 1453, with the English losing most of their lands in France

Hundred Years War Results: 1.Strengthened the power of the French king 2.Feelings of national pride increased in both England and France People were no longer fighting for their feudal lord but for the glory of their country

Hundred Years War 3. The power of the parliament increased in England, helping to expand democracy.

Hundred Years War The end of the Hundred Years War is also considered to be the end of the Middle Ages –Chivalry died with the knights at Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt –Feudal system fell apart because so many nobles died and power was held by a few kings

Spain Spain and Portugal are on the Iberian Peninsula After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula was settled by a Germanic tribe called the Visigoths

Spain Portugal earned its independence from Spain in 1139.

711 AD, a Muslim group called the Moors invaded Spain –Came from Africa –Defeated the Visigoths and conquered most of modern Spain

Spain The Muslims created a kingdom, or caliphate, called Cordova Cordova was a center of learning and Islamic culture during the Middle Ages

In 1031, Cordova broke up into more than 20 small kingdoms This gave the Christians a chance to increase their power

Spain Reconquista – effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain –1100’s – 1492

Spain 1469 – King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile married –Joined the two strongest Christian kingdoms in Spain

Spain –Hunted down and punished non-Christians Inquisition – Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy –Heresy – religious beliefs or opinions that differ from the official teachings of a Christian church

Thousands of non-Christians were tortured for confessions or burned at the stake.

Spain –150,000 Jews were forced out of Spain –Many of the Jews were merchants and other professionals –Their leaving caused Spain’s economy and learning to decline

Spain The last of the Moors were pushed out of Spain in 1492 –Same year Ferdinand and Isabella authorized Christopher Columbus’ expedition to the New World

Spain’s power grew greatly in the 1500s because of the wealth gained from their colonies in the Americas

Spain Charles V –Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson –Expanded Spanish territory in Europe and the Americas –Their family, the Hapsburgs, was the strongest in the world and was the foundation of many of Europe’s later royal families.

Russia

Around 800 AD Vikings from Scandinavia moved into modern Russia and began to mix with the native Slavic people

Russia Vikings traded along the rivers of Russia south to Constantinople –Longships

Russia Vikings traded cloth, furs, metal, timber and slaves (taken from the word “Slav”) The Vikings and Slavs merged into modern Russia

Russia Christian missionaries (like St. Cyril) spread the Orthodox religion to Russia

Church Architecture and Religious Art Onion-shaped domes show influence from Byzantine Architecture

Russia The Mongols were a nomadic group from the steppes of eastern Asia Led by Genghis Khan, they conquered China and most of Russia

Russia 1240 –Mongols destroyed Kiev –Russia became part of the Mongol Empire –Moscow grew in importance after Kiev’s destruction –Russians had to pay tribute to the Mongol leaders

Russia Ivan the Great rejected Mongol rule and united Russia Ivan the Great took the title czar (Caesar), and vowed to carry on the traditions of Rome and Constantinople

Russia Russian kingdoms were controlled by czars (sometimes spelled “tsar”) with the help of the boyars –Boyars – the land-owning noble class in Russia –Czar (or Tsar) – the emperor of Russia