문헌정보학 연구방법론

History of LIS Research

3 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research  Early research at University of Chicago  Bibliometric studies Citation studies Frequency of author or individual paper Journal title citations  Reading behavior studies User readings What kinds of books

4 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research  1950 – 1960  User studies  Typically questionnaires, interviews, historical methods  Quantitative perspective  Increasing interest by governments ($)  Increasing interest in professional groups engineers, scientists  Beginnings of information retrieval research e.g., weighting of query terms to increase effectiveness

5 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research   Era of large growth and increased funding  Large scale studies of social scientists and users of social science information Teachers Policy makers  Studies of information requirements of researchers and practitioners in arts & humanities  Information retrieval research Query formulation Retrieval techniques

6 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research  (cont ’ d)  More research by teams  More research done in Library Schools Faculty baseline requirement – PhD Research program  Decreasing interest and funding for basic research  Growth in the number of conferences, seminars  Increased interest in research outside LIS  Increased emphasis on training researchers in LIS

7 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research  1980 to 2000  Funding cutbacks: turn to multiple funding sources Government bodies, professional bodies, national bodies with interest in Internet or other special topics  Increasing emphasis on relevance to practical applications “applied” focus  Topics Online retrieval Application of IT to LIS management E-journals, digital libraries Health information Information behavior

8 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research  Surveys popular Questionnaires Interviews Multiple methods gaining interest  Qualitative approaches – gaining interest

9 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 History of LIS Research  2000 to present  Funding: renewal? Interdisciplinary focus  Better balance Basic & applied research  Topics IT: new developments Information behavior Interdisciplinarity: health, business, law  Better balance Quantitative, qualitative, textual Moving away from need to “justify” qualitative work

10 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Research Characteristics  Quantitative v. qualitative  IT focus  Automatic indexing systems  Expert systems  Translation systems  Applied research  Direct relevance to practice: remains popular  Descriptive research: prevalent in practice

11 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Research Characteristics  A drive for inclusion/development of theory & more basic research  Expected in doctoral research, masters theses, etc.  Conducted by academics in LIS and librarians  Academics LIS PhD (varied undergrad degrees) MLIS with English, Philosophy, Engineering, Media Studies  Librarians Often in academic library environment “Tenure status” as motivation to publish  Public/special librarians – often, internal reports only

12 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Characteristics  Non-cumulative  Often episodic  Makes insufficient use of research in other disciplines  Computing science, psychology, sociology, education  Like other SSH areas  Attracts less research $  Mostly done in U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia

13 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Purpose of LIS Research  To document the effect of graphic/cultural records on human attitudes, beliefs, behaviors  Library vs. Information – as focus  User vs. System – as focus Tension between “LS” vs. “IS” debates in the field…  Creators and Users Motivations, activities, etc. All open to examination  Characteristics of records themselves

14 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Evaluating Quality  Research Process:  Underlying logic and methodology  Robustness of conclusions  Research Topics (basic & applied):  Management  Policies  Experiment  Development  Analysis/Synthesis  Addressing questions that are … Useful, Interesting, Important, Timely, Unique

15 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Relevance to Practice  Descriptive relevance  Program evaluation  Planning documents, etc.  Goal relevance  Relationship between phenomena  Study and concerns of practitioners  Operational validity  Addresses phenomena that practitioners can control

16 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Relevance to Practice  Non-obviousness  Not simple common sense  Timeliness  Results available when useful to practitioners  Funding opportunities  “The Easy Sell”

17 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Relevance to the Field  All of the “ relevance to practice ” points still apply  But this research also address larger contexts  Often non-local contexts  Long-term trends  Solutions for tomorrow  Interaction of LIS with other disciplines/ fields

18 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Relevance to the Field  Theoretical relevance  Moving knowledge forward  All of these  Often set the baseline for applied, practical research  Funding opportunities  More challenging

A Framework for Design

20 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Three Elements of Inquiry  Alternative Knowledge Claims  Postpositive Knowledge Claims Determination Reductionism Empirical observation and measurement Theory verification  Socially Constructed Knowledge Claims Understanding Multiple participant meanings Social and historical construction Theory generation

21 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Three Elements of Inquiry  Advocacy/Participatory Knowledge Claims Political Empowerment issue-oriented Collaborative Change-oriented  Pragmatic Knowledge Claims Consequences of actions Problems-centered Pluralistic Real-world practice oriented

22 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Three Elements of Inquiry  Research Methods  Quantitative Predetermined Instrument based questions Performance/attitude/observational/census data  Qualitative Emerging methods Open-ended questions Interview/observation/document/audiovisual data Text and image analysis

23 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Three Elements of Inquiry  Mixed Methods Both predetermined and emerging methods Both open-and closed questions Multiple forms of data drawing on all possibilities Statistical and text analysis

24 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Three Elements of Inquiry  Strategies of Inquiry  Strategies Associated with the Quantitative Approach Experiments Non-experimental design: surveys  Strategies Associated with the Qualitative Approach Ethnographies Grounded theory Case studied Phenomenological research Narrative research

25 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Three Elements of Inquiry  Strategies Associated with the Mixed Method Approach Recognizing that all methods have limitations, researchers felt that biases inherent in any single method cold neutralize or cancel the biases of other methods Sequential procedures Concurrent procedures Transformative procedures

26 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Criteria for Selecting an Approach  Match Between Problem and Approach  Quantitative approach is best If the problem is identifying factors that influence an outcome, the utility of intervention Understanding the best predictors of outcomes  Qualitative research If a concept or phenomenon needs to be understood When the researcher does not know the important variables  Mixed methods To capture the best of both quantitative and qualitative approaches Want to both generalize the findings to a population and develop a detailed view of the meaning of a phenomenon or concept for individuals

27 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Criteria for Selecting an Approach  Personal Experience  The researcher’s own personal training and experiences  Quantitative Technical, scientific writing, statistics, computer programs Carefully worked out procedures and rules  Qualitative Literary form of writing, computer text analysis programs, experience in conducting interviews and observation Creative, advocacy/participatory  Audience

28 문헌정보학연구방법론 -1 Design Processes of Research  Research Questions  Theoretical lens  Data collection  Data analysis  Write-up  Validations