Sustainable Fisheries ICIT-LIPI Workshop on: Sustainable Fisheries Dr Michael Bell Research Associate, ICIT Tuesday 11 th October, 2016, 14:00-15:45

ICIT-LIPI Workshop on sustainable fisheries 14:00-15:15 Principles of sustainable fisheries Science in support of sustainable fishery management Orkney case study Application in Indonesia? 15:15-15:45 Visit to Stromness lobster ponds

Fisheries are important for: Food Employment Recreation Trade Ecosystems Socio-economic well-being

Defining sustainability Sustainable practices-meet the needs of the present -without compromising the needs of the future N.B.We interpret the present and project into the future by understanding the past

“National and international fisheries policies and management practices that better reflect the principles of the Code of Conduct will lead to an improved and sustainable economic, social and environmental contribution of the fisheries sector.”

Defining sustainability Fishery sustainability can be defined in wider terms than target stocks A sustainable fishery: –can be continued indefinitely at a reasonable level –maintains and seeks to maximise ecological health and abundance –maintains the diversity, structure and function of the ecosystem on which it depends as well as the quality of its habitat, minimising the adverse effects that it causes –is managed and operated in a responsible manner, in conformity with local, national and international laws and regulations –maintains present and future economic and social options and benefits –is conducted in a socially and economically fair and responsible manner

Principle 3: Effective management MSC Fishery Standard Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Fishing – reflect a recognition that a sustainable fishery should: be base upon healthy populations of target species maintain integrity of ecosystems develop and maintain effective fisheries management systems comply with local /national / international laws and agreements Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks Principle 2: Minimizing environmental impact

Principle 1 Relates to the target stock(s) Intent is to ensure that long-term productive capacity of target stock is maintained, account being made for uncertainty and error Criteria: –catch at levels that don’t compromise productivity –fishery allows rebuilding of depleted stocks –reproductive capacity isn’t impaired by alterations in stock structure (age, sex, genetic)

Stock Status: Outside safe biological limits, danger of stock collapse Within safe biological limits Harvested outside safe biological limits Stock Biomass Fishing Mortality Limit reference point Target reference point Overfishing No overfishing OverfishedNot overfished

Principle 2 Relates to other species, habitats, ecosystems Intent is to encourage management from an ecosystem perspective Criteria: –natural functional relationships among species maintained –biological diversity not threatened –avoids/minimises mortality to vulnerable species –depleted species in catch allowed to rebuild

Principle 3 Relates to governance and management systems Intent is to ensure that there is an institutional and operational framework for implementing P1 and P2 Criteria: –management system criteria… –operational criteria…

Main target species Creel (baited trap) fisheries for –brown crab (Cancer pagurus) –European lobster (Homarus gammarus) –velvet crab (Necora puber) © Hans Hillewaert © Craig Taylor

Main target species Dive and dredge fisheries for king scallop (Pecten maximus) Tagged scallops for mark recapture study

Inshore Fisheries Research Working with industry in Orkney to support a Fishery Improvement Project for the creel fisheries –Fishery monitoring –Stock assessment –Supporting biological studies

Fishery Improvement Project

Stock Assessment Spawning PotentialRelative Yield

Supporting biological studies Brown crab size at maturity –Criteria for spawning potential –Minimum legal size

Supporting biological studies Juvenile lobster habitat selection – for selection of substrates for habitat enhancement at marine renewable energy developments

Indonesian fisheries? Fishing methods Species Environment Management Opportunities for defining sustainably fished units Obstacles for sustainable fishery management

Potentially sustainable fisheries? Species Fishing methods Socio-economic context Management measures Monitoring Stock assessment Ecosystem context Non-target species Habitats External factors – Markets – Technology needs – Fishers from outside

Fisheries and marine renewables Principal interactions are likely to be spatial –Displacement of fishing effort –Opportunity for spatial management –Mobility of target species is an important factor –De facto Marine Protected Area Opportunity for habitat enhancement for juvenile lobsters Socio-economic factors –Employment opportunities (e.g. guard vessels) –Enhanced maritime infrastructure and services

Low overlap at a national scale Potentially greater importance at local scales Greatest potential interactions with small inshore fleets Fishery overlaps with wave and tidal energy resources

Succorfish unit Distribution of inshore fishing Vessels <15m length do not have Vessel Monitoring Systems Crown Estate and Marine Scotland supporting Succorfish monitoring of creel vessels in Orkney –For use by developers in planning –Evidence of activity for fishermen –Link to log-books for fishery monitoring

Spatial fishery models Simple spatial models of fisheries show that closed areas confer increased resilience to exploitation, depending principally on: Relative carrying capacities of areas open and closed to the fishery Rate of stock mixing between open and closed areas

Spatial fishery models If habitat is modified within closed areas, this can influence fishery resilience effects: (in the absence of habitat modification, this model scenario showed negligible effects on fishery resilience)

Spatial fishery models Consequence of closure depends heavily on where effort is displaced to Understanding fishery targeting behaviour is important Offshore closure Inshore closure Movement data used to construct individual-based model for thornback ray