SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Mathematics and Computer Information Department Fall 2016 CST Database Applications and Concepts Section 151/CRN Monday 6:00pm- 9:50pm Room R-219

SCCC CARES At Suffolk, we are CREATING AWARENESS and READINESS to END STIGMA about mental health issues. Please know that if you need support related to your psychological, emotional or social well being, there are counselors available on campus in the Counseling Center (Ammerman Building Room 209) to provide free and confidential counseling services. Contact Sarah Boles, Coordinator of Mental Health Services, at or (631) for more information.

Database & Database Warehouse See DB & DB Warehouse slide set

MySQL (Open Source) MySQL AB was a software company that was founded in It was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008; Sun was in turn acquired by Oracle Corporation in The term "open source" refers to something that can be modified and shared because its design is publicly accessible.

Type of Software Open Source Software Proprietary Software (Closed Source Software)

Open Source Software Open source software is software whose source code is available for modification or enhancement by anyone. "Source code" is the part of software that most computer users don't ever see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of software—a "program" or "application"—works. Programmers who have access to a computer program's source code can improve that program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work correctly.

Proprietary Software Its source code is the property of its original authors, who are the only ones legally allowed to copy or modify it. In order to use proprietary software, computer users must agree (usually by signing a license displayed the first time they run this software) that they will not do anything with the software that the software's authors have not expressly permitted. M/S products(Office, Visual Studio, etc.) Adobe Photoshop, Coreal Paintshop, etc.

Open Source Software (Free) Free software means the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. – The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0). – The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. – The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). – The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. GNU Projects (LibreOffice, Linux, etc.)

MySQL

MySQL Example Databases

MySQL Workbench Tutorial

Proprietary or Open Source Security Quality Customizability Freedom Flexibility Interoperability Auditability Support Options Cost Try Before You Buy

DBMS A List of RDBMS Overview of RDBMS/ODBMS/OODBMS

RDBMS vs OODBMS OODBMS(ODBMS) – supports modeling and creation of data as objects – support for object classes, class property and method inheritance by sub classes and their objects RDBMS – based on the relational model Most popular DBMSs currently in use are RDMSs.

Why not OODBMS? RDBMS – Established technology, standard language(SQL) – Good interface, ODBC/JDBC to connect with different languages, stable API. – Clear and Math model OODBMS – No clear mode, no standard language, no standard API, no de facto standard from any vendor.

What is Database? An organized collection of related data (including card index, spreadsheet, database) collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views and other objects.

Signs You Need a Database You regularly receive information that requires you to update more than one record. You need to share the task of entering and/or accessing data. Your spreadsheets require you to re-enter information each time a new record is added (e.g. contact info for a student each time a discipline incident is logged) It’s hard to tell what action to take based on the status of all of your records. You’re having to sub-divide your spreadsheet into different sections for different people, e.g. to record multiple payments for each student. From loose records -> Spreadsheet -> database (DBMS)

What is DBMS? Database Management System A computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. Finding the Best Database for Your Need (card index, M/S Access, M/S SQL Server, MySql, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc.)

Database Applications Support internal operations of organizations Interaction with customers and suppliers (either on-line or off-line) Examples: – Reservation systems (Airlines, Hotels, car rentals, etc) – Constructions, Manufacturing, …. – Commercial companies(banks, wholesalers, supermarkets, department stores, retailers, ….) – s (receiving, deletion, search, …) – Backup Applications Software

Database History Following the technology progress in the areas of processors, computer memory, computer storage and computer networks, the sizes, capabilities, and performance of databases and their respective DBMSs have grown in orders of magnitude.

What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard

What Can SQL do? SQL can execute queries against a database SQL can retrieve data from a database SQL can insert records in a database SQL can update records in a database SQL can delete records from a database SQL can create new databases SQL can create new tables in a database SQL can create stored procedures in a database SQL can create views in a database SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

Database Terminology Database – A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes. – The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. – Example: Hotel Chain/Airlines Reservation System

Database Terminology The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (referred to by the acronym DBMS). The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system. A general-purpose DBMS is typically a complex software system that meets many usage requirements, and the databases that it maintains are often large and complex.

Database Terminology The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality (measured in terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and resilience) and this in turn often implies the use of a general-purpose database management system (DBMS). DBMS: Well known DBMS(s) include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Sybase, dBASE, Clipper, FoxPro, FileMaker, SQL Server.

Database Terminology Since there are so many database management systems available, it is important for there to be a way for them to communicate with each other. For this reason, most database software comes with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver that allows the database to integrate with other databases.ODBC

History Database concept – The database concept has evolved since the 1960s to ease increasing difficulties in designing, building, and maintaining complex information systems (typically with many concurrent end- users, and with a diverse large amount of data). – Though the terms database and DBMS define different entities, they are inseparable: a database's properties are determined by its supporting DBMS and vice-versa.

History Timeline – Ancient Times Lots of information in governmental, business, and medical records for storage, index, and retrieval. – 1960 Two popular data models: a network model called CODASYL and a hierarchical model called IMS.

History Timeline – – E.F. Codd proposed relational model for database. This system has been standard ever since. He disconnect the schema (logical organization) of a database from the physical storage methods.

History Timeline – – Two important database system prototypes were created between The Relational Database Management System, or RDBMS, becomes a recognized term.

History Timeline – Ingres: Developed at UCB. This ultimately led to Ingres Corp., Sybase, MS SQL Server, Britton-Lee, Wang's PACE. This system used QUEL as query language. System R: Developed at IBM San Jose and led to IBM's SQL/DS & DB2, Oracle, HP's Allbase, Tandem's Non-Stop SQL. This system used SEQUEL as query language.

History Timeline – 1976 A new database model called Entity- Relationship, or ER, was proposed by P. Chen. This model allows the designer to concentrate on the use of data to focus on data application instead of logical table structure.

History Timeline – 1980 Structured Query Language, or SQL, became the standard query language. DB2 becomes IBM's flagship product. Network and hierarchical models fade into the background, with essentially no development of these systems today but some legacy systems are still in use.

History Timeline – 1980 The introduction of the IBM PC gives rise to many DB companies and products such as RIM, RBASE 5000, PARADOX, OS/2 Database Manager, Dbase III, IV (later Foxbase, even later Visual FoxPro), Watcom SQL.

History Timeline – Early 1990s Much development during this period centers on client tools for application development such as Oracle Developer, PowerBuilder(Sybase), VB(Microsoft), and others. A number of tools for personal productivity, such as ODBC and Excel/Access, were also developed. Prototypes for Object Database Management Systems, or ODBMS, were created in the early 1990s.

History Timeline – Mid 1990s The usable Internet WWW appears. Average desktop users began to use client-server database systems to access computer systems that contained legacy data.

History Timeline – Late 1990s Increased investment in online businesses resulted in a rise in demand for Internet database connectors, such as Front Page, Active Server Pages, Java Servelets, Dream Weaver, ColdFusion, Enterprise Java Beans, and Oracle Developer The use of cgi, gcc, MySQL, Apache, and other systems brought open source solution to the Internet. Online Transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytic processing (OLAP) comes of age with many merchants using point-of-sale (POS) technology on a daily basis.

History Timeline – Early 2000s Although the Internet industry experienced a decline in the early 2000s, but solid growth of DB applications continues. More interactive applications appear with use of PDAs, POS transactions, consolidation of vendors, etc. Three main (western) companies predominate in the large DB market: IBM (buys Informix), Microsoft, and Oracle.

History Timeline – Future? Huge (terabyte) systems are appearing and will require novel means of handling and analyzing data. Large science databases such as genome project, geological, national security, and space exploration data. Clickstream analysis is happening now. Data mining, data warehousing, data marts are a commonly used technique today. More of this in the future without a doubt. Smart/personalized shopping using purchase history, time of day, etc.

History Timeline – Future? – Successors to SQL (and perhaps RDBMS) will be emerging in the future. SQL92, SQL2, SQL3 are still underpowered and more extensions are hard to agree upon. Most likely this will be overtaken by XML and other emerging techniques.

Database Models A database model is the theoretical foundation of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated in a database system. It thereby defines the infrastructure offered by a particular database system. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model.

Database Models Flat Model Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Model Dimensional Model Objectional database models

Database Models Flat Model

Hierarchical Model

Network Model

Relational Model

The basic data structure of the relational model is the table, where information about a particular entity (say, an employee) is represented in rows (also called tuples) and columns. Thus, the "relation" in "relational database" refers to the various tables in the database; a relation is a set of tuples.tuplesrelation A key that can be used to uniquely identify a row in a table is called a primary key. Keys are commonly used to join or combine data from two or more tables.

Relational Model Developed by E.F. Codd. Allows the definition of data structures, storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints. Organized in tables (data and relations) A table is a collection of records. Each record in a table contains the same fields.

Relational Model Properties of Relational Tables: Values Are Atomic Each Row is Unique Column Values Are of the Same Kind The Sequence of Columns is Insignificant The Sequence of Rows is Insignificant Each Column Has a Unique Name Certain fields may be designated as keys

Dimensional Model

The dimensional model is a specialized adaptation of the relational model used to represent data in data warehouses in a way that data can be easily summarized using OLAP queries. In the dimensional model, a database schema consists of a single large table of facts that are described using dimensions and measures.dimensional modeldata warehouses OLAP

Object-Oriented DataBase Model

Objectional DB Model In recent years, the object-oriented paradigm has been applied to database technology, creating a new programming model known as object databases. object databases attempt to introduce the key ideas of object programming, such as encapsulation and polymorphism, into the world of databases.object-oriented object databasesencapsulation polymorphism

Difference Between database & schema A database is the main container, it contains the data and log files, and all the schemas within it. You always back up a database, it is a discrete unit on its own. Schemas are like folders within a database, and are mainly used to group logical objects together, which leads to ease of setting permissions by schema. You cannot drop a schema when it is in use. You have to first remove all objects from the schema.

SIGNS YOU’RE OUTGROWING MySQL DATABASE See Supplement