OPENING ASSIGNMENT (Bell Work) What are the pros and cons to living in a city? Do you think these pros and cons were the same or different at the turn of the century? Why? Or Why Not?

Essential Learning Goal: Students will examine the relationship among the rise of industrialization, large-scale rural-to-urban migration, and massive immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia during the late 19 th and early 20 th Century. Learning Targets: I can identify the causes of Urbanization and urban growth. I can explain responses to immigration including the Americanization movement. I can explain issues of Urbanization such as; housing, transportation, water, sanitation, crime and fires. I can identify The Social Gospel Movement, including the reasons for the movement, and its’ efforts to help the poor.

Urbanization of the US Urbanization or the growth of cities in US history during the late 19 th century was focused around the Northeast and Midwest. One possible cause of Urbanization was the growth of industry and the technology boom that accompanied. What were some possible benefits to living in a city?

Immigrants settle in cities Most immigrants to the US settled in cities because of many of the benefits you listed. As a result of this immigration many “natural-born” Americans wanted to push for assimilation of immigrants into the dominant culture. The campaign called the Americanization Movement was the result.

Americanization Movement The movement was supported by citizens and the government. Schools and voluntary associations provided programs to teach immigrants skills for citizenship. I.E. English literacy, American History, and government. Other topics included cooking and social etiquette. Despite these efforts not all immigrants wanted to assimilate and abandon their traditions, language, or religion.

Migration from Country to City Improvements in farming technology led to a decrease in the amount of labor needed to successfully run a farm. As less human labor was needed, rural Americans moved to cities to find work.

Migration from Country to City From the South alone almost 200,000 African Americans moved north and west between 1890 and Cities such as Chicago and Detroit provided some opportunity to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression but segregation and discrimination were common in Northern cities. Competition for work also led to racial tensions between whites and blacks.

Housing Residents of cities had two options for housing in the late 19 th century. Buy a house on the outskirts of town, and face the difficult task of finding transportation. OR rent a cramped room in a boarding house in the center of the city. Tenements were basic apartment buildings with little ventilation, no electricity or running water. Over time as working class families moved out of cities because transportation improved and single family houses became occupied by multiple immigrant families.

Transportation Mass Transit = systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes. Cable cars introduced in 1873 in San Francisco. Electric subway in Boston in Cities struggled to provide adequate public transit.

Water Safe drinking water was an issue for many cities. Homes rarely had indoor plumbing and residents had to collect water from buckets from faucets on the street. To make water safer cities introduced filtration in the 1870’s. In 1908 the process of chlorination was introduced. Even into the early 20 th century some cities struggled to provide safe drinking water.

Sanitation, Crime, and Fire Open sewers, inadequate garbage collection, and few laws governing sanitation caused issues. As crime grew in cities so did municipal police departments. NYC had the first fulltime salaried police force in Major fires occurred in almost every large American city during the 1870’s and 1880’s. Cincinnati, Ohio set up the first paid fire department in 1853.

A group of children play in the street.

The Social Gospel Movement Preached salvation through service to the poor. Many followers were inspired to help the urban poor of US cities. Settlement houses or community centers in slum neighborhoods provided assistance to the urban poor, especially immigrant families. Provided educational, cultural, and social services. Classes in subjects such as English, health, & painting.

THE SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT Many reformers inspired by the movement opened settlement houses, most notably Hull House in Chicago operated by Jane Addams. They helped the poor and immigrants improve their lives. Settlement houses offered services such as daycare, education, and health care to needy people in slum neighborhoods. The YMCA was created originally to help rural youth adjust to the city without losing their religion, but by the 1890s became a powerful instrument of the Social Gospel movement. The African- American denominations, especially the African Methodist Episcopal church (AME) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church (AMEZ) had active programs in support of the Social Gospel.

HOMEWORK CHAPTER 7 Section 3 Read pages 267– 271 Main Ideas A – D Political Cartoon Page 269 #1 – 2 Define Terms & Names into notebook.

Ticket out the Door 1. Compare the Settlement houses to a modern government agency that provide similar services (example; food stamps, Head Start), how are they similar and/or different? 2. Could this be the origin of public welfare programs? Examples of modern government assistance: Department of Health and Human Services, Medicaid, Head Start, etc.

CRASH COURSE US HISTORY Immigrants and Cities. t=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s Gilded Age Politics. =Spgdy3HkcSs&list=PL8dPuuaLjX tMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s