 “The Corrupt Bargain”  John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford and Henry Clay  Jackson wins popular vote (13% margin) but loses the contest in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams  Henry Clay – Secretary of State  1828 – Jackson returns and wins in a landslide

 The Democratization of the United States Expanded suffrage  From the electorate grows by threefold (All free white male taxpayers could now vote)  Jackson forms the Democratic- Republicans / “Democrats”

 Spoils System  Emphasis on grassroots over caucus  Jackson’s First Inaugural

 The Five “Civilized” Tribes Cherokee Creek Seminole Choctaw Chickasaw

 The Cherokee and cultural assimilation: Use of English (alphabet) Newspaper Schools Churches (Christianity) Self-government (constitution) Clothing, homes Farming / cultivation Slavery (?!?!?!?)

 1830 – Indian Removal Act  1831 – Cherokee Nation v. Georgia  1832 – Worcester v. Georgia  1835 – Treaty of New Echota  – Trail of Tears

 The Cherokee tried to win recognition of their land claims  Chief Justice Marshall: “The Cherokee Nation then is a distinct community, occupying its own territory... In which the laws of Georgia can have no force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter without the assent of the Cherokee themselves or in conformity with treaties and the acts of Congress.”

 The Tariff of Abominations (1832) An increase on the earlier protective tariffs (1816, 1824, 1828)  Ordinance of Nullification John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s V.P.) returns to South Carolina to lobby for nullification (The South Carolina Exposition). South Carolina declares the tariff “null and void” and threatens secession.  Force Bill Jacksons threatens to use the military against South Carolina. Clay brokers a compromise.

 Renewal Charter for the Second Bank of the United States Forcing the renewal early as an election issue (1832) Nicholas Biddle (Bank President) is supported by Clay and Webster  Jackson’s Veto Jackson feels the bank served only to benefit the wealthy at the expense of the poor: “The Bank…is trying to mill me, but I will kill it.”  Pet Banks Treasury Secretary Roger Taney helps organize a system of “loyal state banks”

 President Martin Van Buren  Causes of the Panic of 1837: Specie Circular Withdrawal of British investments Lack of a national bank