 Sunni/Shia Division  Constitutional Setup  Autocratic Rulers

◦ State of emergency (1967)  no free speech or press  Imprisonment without trial  Government run media  Censorship  No demonstrations  No parties police brutality (torture)

 All of this was in support of the authoritarian government ◦ Hosni Mubarak (1981)  Sectarian  American-backed  Gamal  Elections

 Other problems ◦ Unemployment ◦ Corruption  Unequal distribution of gains

 Muslim Brotherhood

 Inspired by Tunisia  National Police Day Protests ◦ MB as well as others ◦ Social Media  Asmaa Mahfouz ◦ Expanded from original intention

 Military and police’s role  Prisoners  Mubarak offered reforms, and promised not to run, VP  Violence  Resignation

 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces  Constitutional Referendum  Intermittant protesting; faster implementation of the Constitution, charging of Mubarak, no military trials for civilians, etc. ◦ They feel change is too slow  Violence against protestors  January 2012 – Parlimentary election

 May 2012 – State of emergency law expired  June 2012 – Mubarak is charged and acquitted  June 2012 – Certain aspects of martial law are reintroduced, like military trials for civilians  June 2012 – Supreme Council of Armed Forces dissolves parliament, issue a new interim constitution, and set about making amore permanent one. They also give themselves authority to control the Prime Minister, and give the PM some of the President’s powers  Morsi elected

◦ Granted himself more powers ◦ He was the MB’s candidate, and some worry he will bring in Islamist laws. However, others celebrate the first ever legal MB candidate. ◦ Protests grew; on July 3 rd, the protesters allied with the military to depose him

 Supreme Council of Armed Forces appointed a civilian – Mansour – interim president, instead of declaring martial law  However, there have been severe crackdowns against Morsi-supporters

 Freer Press and speech ◦ However, still crackdowns  Improved women’s rights  Inequality has remained static  Unemployment has remained high  True result remains to be seen; depends on Mansour, the new constitution, its level of implementation, the military’s choices, and social realities.

 Bahrain  Yemen  Jordan  Kuwait  Algeria  Iraq  Morocco

 Clash between entrenched government interests and Islamist groups  Social Media  New Nationalism  Grievances – civil rights, oppression, inequality, unemployment ◦ Demand for codified system of laws and rights  Young people  Minorities in power