SUDAN: What happened?

HISTORY: Christian influence in 6 th Century (500s) Arab expansion 7 th century (600s) Initial conflict, when Arabs raided up Nile, but somewhat stable relationship established between Arabs (North) and Nubians (South)- Arid Highlands were a barrier to Arab expansion. Arab rulers in far North (Egypt) encourage, groups of “undesirables” Bedouins and others, to attack, migrate, and expand southward. Islam expands along Nile (modern day Sudan) 1820 – Ottoman viceroy in Egypt sends Army to conquer Sudan (motives: Gold, Slaves, Territory) Ottomans and Islam continue to spread

Slave trade continues, expands further South (into Modern day S. Sudan) 1840s, 50s, 60s –European influence grows (Pressure to end slave trade, Christian influences) Ottomans seek British help in modernizing Egypt and Sudan, British expedition up Nile (further south to establish presence and end slave trade) British only clamp down on slave trade in immediate area of influence (Nile and Central Sudan) in West (Darfur and South of Darfur) slave trade continues unabated to send slaves through Darfur to Egypt and Arabia. 1850s-1880s British help Egyptians expand territory (fairly successful), Christianity (less successful) British invade Egypt, quickly realize that they need to control Upper Nile (Sudan) area to maintain influence in Egypt. British negotiate with Germans and Italians for control, and outcompete French for Control of Sudan British control Sudan

Reginald Wingate is Governor-General of Sudan, trusting and tolerant rule helps Christian and British influence expand with Muslim population. Modernization in North Sudanese Nationalism begins 1924 British institute 8 th parallel and 10 th parallel buffer zones to deter spread of malaria and deter arabs from seeking slaves in South Growing movement by Sudanese elites to be involved with governing 1947 buffer zone between north and south abandoned Egypt repeals treaty with England about Sudan, says Sudan in theirs –Sudan reacts 1952 Revolution from Egypt (&Britain) 1956 Republic of Sudan (parliamentary) established 1958 Military Coup (bloodless) –economic growth, Northern Islamic influence in gov’t and language

1963 rebellion Anya Nya in south 1965 Tension grows- Military gov’t can’t maintain control, civilian gov’t elected Military takes control (civilian gov’t ineffective)] 1971 Addis Ababa agreement 1972 – Conflict in South ends (Lagu and Anya Nya no longer fighting against Nimeiri’s gov’t forces) 1983 –After a decade of economic failures, relative peace, and growing Muslim Brotherhood influence (Al-Turabi) Nimeiri incorporates Islam into legal system and goes against Addis Ababa agreement Rebellion- SPLA under John Garang - S. Sudanese Colonel 1985 Nimeiri overthrown

1989 – Al-Bashir takes over gov’t Early 1990s Bashir’s gov’t presides over harsh crack downs on (Islamic Law, repression of press, intellectuals, etc.), economic decline, famine in South. 1990s Gov’t struggling against SPLA, unleashes Arab militias on South Civil war continues (famine, drought, lost boys, etc) 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between SPLA and Al-Bashir- referendum to be held on S. Sudan in 6 years (2011) 2003 Meanwhile- Bashir unleashes Janjaweed (Arab militia) on non- Muslims in Darfur (in response to non Muslim rebellion) – civilians are the biggest victims (hundreds of thousands dead, over 2 million displaced) 2011 S. Sudan votes for Independence- Sudan loses Oil resources- New economic situation Skirmishes continue between Sudand and South Sudan

2013 Tension grows, rumors of a Coup - Salva Kiir (president) consolidates power (retires generals, dismisses VP Riek Machar) 2013 Military conflict erupts- Kiir’s consolidation (Dinka) vs. Machar (Nuer) 2015 August Peace Agreement signed by Kiir Fall 2015 –Ongoing negotiation – BUT tension continues – civilian population in S. Sudan (famine, displacement) ongoing incidents