 What do you know about proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids? Warm-up

 Monomer: “building block” or smaller parts of larger molecules  Polymer: several monomers bonded together  Several monomers  polymer  Example: a long chain of amino acids (monomers) creates a protein (polymer) Monomers vs. Polymers

 Also known as sugars (end in “-ose”)  Made of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen  Subunits (monomers):  Monosaccharide (simple sugars)  Functions:  Short-term energy storage, structural material  Complex carbohydrates (disaccharides and polysaccharides):  2 to many monomers bonded together Carbohydrates

 Glucose (simple sugar): C 6 H 12 O 6  Sucrose (table sugar): glucose + fructose  Starch: food storage for plants  Cellulose: found in plant cell walls for structural support  Glycogen (liver): food storage in animals Examples of Carbohydrates

 Also known as fats  Made of: C, H, and very little O  Subunits:  Fatty acids  Functions:  long-term energy storage, insulation (stores body heat), protection (plasma membrane)  Examples:  oils, fats, waxes, steroids, cholesterol Lipids

 Made of: C, H, O, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, & Sulfur  Subunits (monomers):  amino acids (joined by peptide bonds  polypeptide chain)  Function:  Change rate of chemical reactions (enzymes), muscle contraction, transporting O 2  Examples: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, nuts  Make up cartilage, tendons, skin, bone, and hair Proteins

 Amino acids are all the same except for their different R chains  Different proteins are made by the different orders of the amino acids  Amino acid  Polypeptide  Protein Structure of Proteins

 2 main types: 1.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 2.RNA (ribonucleic acid)  Made of: C, H, O, N, P  Subunits:  Nucleotides made of: 1.Sugar 2.Phosphate 3.Nitrogen base  Function:  Store and transmit genetic information Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis

Variation in Nucleic Acids  Nucleotides differ by their nitrogenous base  4 different nitrogenous bases: 1.Adenine 2.Thymine (Uracil in RNA) 3.Guanine 4.Cytosine  Pairing rules for nitrogenous bases:  A T (A U in RNA)  C G

RNA vs. DNA  RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways: 1.Ribose sugar (RNA) vs. Deoxyribose Sugar (DNA) 2.Single stranded (RNA) vs. Double stranded (DNA) 3.Uracil (RNA) vs. Thymine (DNA)

 There are two types of RNA needed for protein synthesis, Messenger RNA (mRNA) and Transfer RNA (tRNA).

Transcription  Enzymes make a copy of DNA  Enzymes “unzip” the DNA strand  Free RNA nucleotides form pairs with the DNA nucleotides  mRNA is complete when nucleotides bond together  The mRNA breaks away and the DNA reforms  mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

Translation  Happens in the cytoplasm on a ribosome  tRNA carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome  Anticodons are a series of three nucleotides that match up with Codons on mRNA strands  The anticodons match up with the codons in the ribosome  As each tRNA molecule matches up with mRNA, the A.A. form peptide bonds which make the proteins

Tip to Remember Pretend you have a German Doctor that writes you a prescription (sounds like transcription), you then have to go to a pharmacist for them to translate it, because you don’t read German. So basically Transcription comes before Translation.

Review Video 

Wrap-up  Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. You will turn it in at the end of class. What is a nucleotide made up of? What is the shape of DNA and RNA? What is the different nitrogenous base in RNA rather than DNA? What happens in transcription? How are amino acids put together in translation?