Caliph (head of Muslim world) Fatimids (Shi‘ites) Seljuks (Sunnis), since Seljuks defeat Byzantines at Manzikert

Map Link: Europe and Muslim World c. 1097: < medieval/maps/map080.jpgmedieval/maps/map080.jpg>

Just war, according to St Augustine of Hippo (d. 430): Proclaimed by a legitimate authority For legitimate reasons With right intention, only option Warfare as an act of love

9th c. Spiritual benefits offered to holy warriors mid 11th c. Pope Gregory VII (p ) and others expanding benefits, some popes leading campaigns

March 1095 Envoys from Alexius I Comnenus (r ) at Council of Piacenza 27th November 1095 Pope Urban II (p ) preaches First Crusade at Clermont 1096 People’s/ Peasants’ Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless

Early 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach Constantinople June 1097 Crusaders take Nicea March 1098 Baldwin of Boulogne becomes Count of Edessa June 1098 Crusaders take Antioch, eventually given to Bohemond of Taranto

Jan 1099 Crusaders begin advance on Jerusalem June 1099 Crusaders besiege Jerusalem 15th July 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem August 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian army

County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Kingdom of Jerusalem

Map Link: The Crusader States: < medieval/maps/map012.jpgmedieval/maps/map012.jpg>

Godfrey de Bouillon, advocatus sancti sepulchri, Baldwin I (of Boulogne), King of Jerusalem, (Baldwin of Le Bourg got Edessa)

The Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad) composed in public in 1105 by ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)

1110 Demonstrations in mosques of Baghdad calling rulers to fight Crusaders 1119 Ilghazi of Mardin defeats Roger of Antioch at Battle of Balat/Ager Sanguinis 1127 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes power in Mosul 1128 Zangi takes control of Aleppo

1144 Zangi takes Edessa while Joscelin II is away 1146 Zangi murdered by slave

Map Link: Zangi’s Territories: < Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg/2000px- Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.pngPossession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.png>

Impact of the First Crusade: On W. Europeans/Crusaders: Expansion of Christendom to include Outremer. Greater (if distorted) awareness of Islam/Muslims On Muslims: W. Europeans no longer as distant barbarians. Regarded as invading, usually for plunder/to spread Christianity

Impact of the First Crusade: On Byzantines: Exacerbated tensions between Byzantines and W. Europeans. Mutual suspicion and distrust On Papacy: Loss of control. Attempts to re-assert this in future years

Reign of Sayf al-Din (at Mosul) Reign of Nur al-Din Bernard of ClairvauxSecond Crusade Louis VII of France (r ) Conrad III of Germany (r ) June 1148 Crusaders decide to attack Damascus

1153 Baldwin III (r ) captures Ascalon 1154 Nur al-Din takes control of Damascus 1160s Struggle for Fatimid Egypt Jan 1169 Shirkuh becomes vizier of Egypt Mar 1169 Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin, r ) becomes vizier of Egypt

1171 Death of last Fatimid caliph. Saladin abolishes Fatimid caliphate 1174 Death of Nur al-Din Saladin takes control of Syria

Map Link: Saladin’s Conquests: < Saladin's_Conquest_( ).jpgSaladin's_Conquest_( ).jpg>

4th July 1187 Saladin destroys Crusaders’ field army at the Horns of Hattin Guy de Lusignan (r ) Reynald de Chatillon Saladin takes most of coast including Jerusalem (2nd Oct 1187)

Map Link: The Battle of Hattin, 1187: < AAAAAAAAGrU/qnpY68_4iE8/s1600/battle- Hattin.jpgHattin.jpg>

Map Link: The Levant in 1190: < thumb/0/01/Crusader_States_1190.svg/441 px-Crusader_States_1190.svg.pngpx-Crusader_States_1190.svg.png>

Third Crusade Frederick I Barbarossa (r ) Philip II Augustus (r ) Richard I Lionheart (r )

June 1190 Frederick I drowns in R. Saleph in Armenia Summer 1191 Richard and Philip arrive at Acre, which is besieged by Guy de Lusignan July 1191 Acre surrenders to the Crusaders. Philip soon returns home

Richard I and Saladin fight each other to a standstill Sept 1192 Peace agreement made. Richard leaves Levant, ends up imprisoned in Austria 4th March 1193 Death of Saladin

Map Link: The Levant in 1197: < thumb/9/96/Levant_1197-fr.svg/440px-Levant _1197-fr.svg.png_1197-fr.svg.png>

1190 Death of Princess Sybilla and Guy de Lusignan’s claim to the throne of Jerusalem. Guy becomes King of Cyprus April 1192 Death of Conrad de Montferrat, second husband of Princess Isabella. Isabella marries Henry of Champagne (r )

Interactions between Crusaders and Muslims: Alliances/co-existence Friendly relations Trade in goods and ideas

Religious conflicts with: Muslims Jews Eastern Christians Issues regarding tolerance between Muslims, Crusaders (Catholics), Eastern Christians, Jews

Social classes in the Crusader states: Nobility Burgesses Subject peoples Clergy, headed by Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem (Acre)

Early 13th c. Carmelites officially recognised by papacy

c Foundation of the Order of the Temple (Templars) 1129 Templars receive Templar Rule By 1290 Templars hold property all over Europe

10th c. Foundation of Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem mid-12th c. Militarisation of the order, becomes Order of the Knights of St John (Hospitallers)

Early 1100s Foundation of German hospice in Jerusalem, destroyed 1187 c Foundation of German hospital at Acre 1199 Pope approves Order of St Mary of the Teutons (Teutonic Knights)

Fulcher of Chartres ( ) French, chaplain to Baldwin of Boulogne, went on First Crusade with him Wrote Historia Iherosolymitana/Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium, using mix of own experience and other eyewitnesses Died of plague

Robert the Monk/of Rheims (fl. early 12th c.) French churchman, attended Council of Clermont Wrote Historia Hierosolymitana by 1118 Work is clearly written with literary artifice

Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolimitanorum Anonymous author, writing in 1100 or 1101 Eyewitness in southern Italian Norman contingent

Bald(e)ric of Dol ( ) French churchman, became abbot of Bourgueil in 1089 Attended Council of Clermont Wrote Historiae Hierosolymitanae in 1108, based heavily on Gesta Francorum

Guibert of Nogent (1055-c. 1125) Noble origins, started church career as adolescent. Elected abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy in 1104 Wrote Historia quae Dicitur Gesta Dei per Francos btw and 1108, revised 1111 or 1112 Not eyewitness

Pope Urban II (p ) Letter to the crusaders, 1095

Anna Comnena ( ) Daughter of Alexius Comnenus Received high-quality education, married a historian (in 1097) At 55 retired to a convent after failed political intrigues Wrote biography of father, the Alexiad

Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/ /11/1188) Usama ibn Murshid ibn ‘Ali ibn Munqidh From Shayzar in N. Syria Lived in Shayzar until c. 1131, then served Zangi for a few years before returning home. Exiled from Shayzar again in 1138 Murshid (d. 1137)Sultan

Map Link: The Levant c. 1140: < /7/7d/SASH_D189_Map_of_the_crusader_states_ of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg/400px-SASH_D189_ Map_of_the_crusader_states_of_syria_and_lebanon.jpgMap_of_the_crusader_states_of_syria_and_lebanon.jpg>

Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/ /11/1188) Joined court in Damascus, but became embroiled in politics and had to leave in Went to Egypt. Became embroiled in politics and had to leave in Joined court of Nur al-Din in Damascus

Usama ibn Munqidh (4/7/ /11/1188) Retired to Hisn Kayfa in c In 1174 allowed son to persuade him to join court of Saladin. Usama and Saladin fell out two years later Best known to historians for Kitab al-I‘tibar (Book of Learning by Example)