Basic Concepts in Industrial Toxicology

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The Human Body: An Orientation
Advertisements

©2005 Texas Trade and Industrial Education1 Cosmetology Endocrine & Respiratory Systems.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXCHANGE OF GASES CHAPTER 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: EXCHANGE.
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6th Edition
© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 The Actions of Drugs.
1 Toxicological effects - Irritants Irritation Inflammation or aggravation of tissue from contact Influenced by solubility Primary or secondary.
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
The Science of Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationship between body parts Greek –
Supercourse Environmental Exposure Assessment And Biomarkers Wael Al-Delaimy, MD, PhD.
Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene The chemical engineers must be knowledgeable about The way toxicants enter biological organisms (T); The ways toxicants.
TRAINING FOR THE HEALTH SECTOR
© 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning, a part of the Thomson Corporation. Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics.
PHARMACOKINETICS.
TOXICOLOGY Trina Redford, Industrial Hygienist National Naval Medical Center Naval Business Bldg 615, 2 nd Fl. Philadelphia, PA.
Animal Studies and Human Health Consequences Sorell L. Schwartz, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology Georgetown University Medical Center.
Target organ toxicity Types of organ specific toxic effects are: Blood/vascular toxicity Dermal or occular toxicity Genetic toxicity Hepato toxicity Immuno.
Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning.
PHARMACOKINETICS Part 3.
Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system – Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs – Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and.
!!!……Molecular Target Concept A gonist Antagonist.
Unit 3 – Environmental Chemistry.  A pollutant is any material or energy that can cause harm to a living thing.  Pollution is a change to the environment.
PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY...a discussion of the fundamental means by which toxicological properties are determined.
© Paradigm Publishing, Inc.1 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Pharmacology.
NUATRC/TCEQ Air Toxics Workshop October Air Toxics Air Toxics: What We Know, What we Don’t Know, and What We Need to Know Human Health Effects –
Organization of the Body. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
TOXICOLOGY The study of chemical or physical agents and their interaction with biologic systems to produce a response in a organism. The dose makes the.
Principles of Drug Action
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan,
Basic Concepts of Pharmacology © Paradigm Publishing, Inc.
11.1 The Function of Respiration. Agenda Lesson 11.1 The Function of Respiration Read p Vocabulary Learning Check SG 166 # 1-3, SG 167 #1-3.
Ventilation Noadswood Science, Ventilation To know how ventilation takes place in the body Sunday, October 02, 2016.
Pharmacology I Session One Pharmacological Principles.
AS103 Principles of Animal Science Homeostasis
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Ch. 20 Respiration and Excretion
Survival Need or Necessary Life Function?
The Excretory System in the Human
Respiratory System Chapter 19.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DESIGN
The Respiratory System
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6th Edition
How Much Air Can You Exhale
Respiratory System Gas exchange.
Topic 6: Human Health and Physiology
Chapter 29 Homeostasis.
Exercise Science: A Systems Approach
Body Organization. Body Organization Learning Objectives: Identify terms relating to the organization of the body Describe the properties of life Label.
Homeostasis.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Respiratory Physiology
Respiratory System Gas exchange.
Life Functions & Survival Needs
Chapter 3. Chapter 3 Organization of the Body.
Interactions Among Animal Systems (Part One)
Basic Biopharmaceutics
11.1 The Function of Respiration
Unit 6: The Human Body Lesson 1: Organization.
The Respiratory System
The Human Body GPS Standards S7L2c: Explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms,
Interactions Among Animal Systems (Part One)
The Respiratory System
6.4 Gas Exchange Applications:
Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
The Human Body Introduction.
Forensic Toxicology Alcohol.
Essential Life Functions
How and Why Drugs Work PPT Series 5B
Presentation transcript:

Basic Concepts in Industrial Toxicology CHAPTER 4 Basic Concepts in Industrial Toxicology

Learning Objectives Define the study of toxicology and explain why it is important to the practice of industrial hygiene. List different mechanisms and modes of toxic chemical action and the various methods used to measure and document toxicity. Explain various criteria for causation of toxic effects. Describe toxicokinetics. Identify and list routes of toxic agent exposure in the human body. Understand toxic chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Explain the concept of dose response. Describe the toxic effects typical in the major organ systems.

Toxicology A broad field that studies the effects of chemical, biological, and physical agents on the health of an organism. Includes studies at the molecular basis of the biological response up to and including evaluations at the cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and whole body levels. Integrates several areas of science, including chemistry, biology, physiology, and pathology.

Mechanisms of Action Detailed descriptions of the process involved in an agent’s toxic effects, from initial exposure to the development of adverse reactions

Key Events in a Mode of Action An empirically observable step that is a necessary element of the mode of action or is a biologically based marker for such an element

Mechanism of Action and Mode of Action

Establishing Mechanisms of Action Epidemiological studies Laboratory studies Animal studies

Biomarkers of Effects

Weight of Evidence Strength Consistency Specificity Temporality of events Coherence and plausibility Dose-response relationship

Toxicokinetics The ways chemicals are taken into the body, move throughout the body, and are removed from the body The behavior of a chemical is reflected in a series of processes—including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME).

Routes of Exposure Ingestion Inhalation Dermal Percutaneous

Routes of Exposure (cont.)

Absorption Internal dose: the amount of an agent absorbed into the body Dependent on the properties of the chemical such as lipid solubility, molecular size, and concentration gradients

Rate of Chemical Absorption, Tmax Indicated by the time it takes for the chemical to reach peak blood concentrations after exposure

Percent Bioavailability The amount of an agent recovered from excreta divided by the total dose The amount left behind in the body to cause damage Useful when extrapolating toxicity data from one route of exposure to another

Distribution How a chemical moves through the body once it is absorbed Partition coefficients: ratios at equilibrium between the blood and varying tissues of the body describe agent’s affinity for a particular tissue or organ

Metabolism The process by which the body transforms a molecule, be it a toxicant, nutrient, or normal physiological (i.e., endogenous) chemical or molecule For toxicants, metabolism often serves to transform the agent into a form that is more easily removed from the body = biotransformation

Elimination How the body removes agents from the body urine feces respiration sweat

Biological Half-Life The time it takes for the concentration of a chemical in the body to decrease by half

Dose Response

Lethal Dose

Liver Toxicity First-pass metabolism One of the most common sites of toxicity because it processes many chemicals, including those whose metabolic products are toxic

Kidney Toxicity The kidney plays vital roles in removing metabolic waste, regulating body fluid volumes, maintaining electrolyte balance, and ensuring proper body pH

Kidney Toxicity (cont.) (Source: 7activestudio/iStock)

Lung Anatomy Upper respiratory tract Trachea Bronchi Alveoli

Lung Function Measures Total Lung Volume (TLV) – the total volume of air the lung can hold Vital Capacity (VC) – the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs when taking the largest possible breath Tidal Volume (TV) – the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs into a typical resting breath

Health Effects Edema – an accumulation of fluids in the pulmonary tissues Fibrosis – lung tissue scarring decreases the surface area available for gas exchange and causes the lungs to become less compliant (stiffer), making it harder to draw air into the pulmonary region of the lungs Emphysema – destruction of the gas exchange surfaces of the alveoli, causes inefficient exchange of gases and results in larger pockets filled with air Cancer

Gas Exchange (Source: ttsz/iStock)

Neurotoxicity Toxic chemicals interfere with the transmission of numerous signals in the body that control motion as well as autonomous body functions.

Neurotoxicity Signals Pupil dilation and altered breathing rates. Other signs of autonomic dysfunction include tremors or convulsions, gait abnormalities, decreased grip strength, or a decreased ability to remain upright. Pathological examinations can discover changes in axon length, decreases in the amount of myelin surrounding axons, or deaths of neuronal cells.

Neurotoxicity Signals (cont.) (Source: blueringmedia/iStock)

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Reduced ability to reproduce Damage to offspring Disruption of germ development Impacts on the embryo and fetus

Immunotoxicity Toxic agents that affect the immune system through functional immunosuppression, which prevents the immune system from protecting the body

Skin Toxicity Nonallergic irritation Allergic contact dermatitis Corrosive chemical burns Chemical-induced photosensitivity

Carcinogenesis and Genotoxicity Neoplasia – originates from inheritable changes in cell growth that lead to the loss of normal control processes. Classified as begin or malignant Metastasis – the movement of neoplastic cells to locations beyond the primary site of origin The term cancer refers to malignant neoplasms