Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology 13.1 KEY CONCEPT Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. Ecology is the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings. Example: Salmon Over 140 species eat salmon Important for economy Important for health of river systems

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Organism An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Organism Population A population is a group of the same species that lives in one area.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Organism Population Community A community is a group of different species that live together in one area.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Organism Population Community Ecosystem An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there. In your notes, give an example of each of the five levels.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Biomes 1.Tropical 2.Grassland - Tropical 3.Grassland - Temperate 4.Desert 5.Temperate – Deciduous Forest 6.Temperate - Rain forest 7.Taiga 8.Tundra Minor Terrestrial Biomes: 1.Chaparral 2.Savannah 3.Alpine Aquatic Biomes: 1.Freshwater: -Ponds and lakes -Streams and rivers -Wetlands 2. Marine: - Oceans - Coral reefs - Estuaries

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology 13.2 KEY CONCEPT Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors are living things. –plants –animals –fungi –bacteria

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Abiotic factors are nonliving things. –moisture –temperature –wind –sunlight –soil moisture sunlight

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology In your notes, make two columns, one labeled abiotic, the other biotic. With your group, classify the following things into the two lists. Whale Clock Water Fish Paper Glass Aluminum Wooden ruler Sand Clouds Corpse Snail Air Steak Pork chops Salad Bread Plant Hair Finger nails Pipe Cotton fabric Wool Gold Plastic Grapes

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors. Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem. Rain forests have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities. –Only 7% of the world’s surface –50% of the world’s plant and animal species

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology A keystone species is a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem. keystone

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Keystone species form and maintain a complex web of life. –Examples: Beaver, Salmon creation of wetland ecosystem increased waterfowl Population increased fish population nesting sites for birds keystone species

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology 13.3 KEY CONCEPT Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Producers get their energy from non-living resources. Producers are also called autotrophs because they make their own food. Dark green = heavy forestation, a lot of producers Yellow = very few producers

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Consumers are organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources. Consumers are also called heterotrophs because they feed off of different things.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source. –How do we, as humans, get the energy from the sun? Chemosynthesis in prokaryote producers uses chemicals as an energy source. carbon dioxide + water + hydrogen sulfide + oxygen sugar + sulfuric acid

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology 13.4 KEY CONCEPT Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships. A food chain links species by their feeding relationships. A food chain follows the connection between one producer and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem. DESERT COTTONTAILGRAMA GRASSHARRIS’S HAWK

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships. An organism may have multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem. A food web emphasizes complicated feeding relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Consumers are not all alike. –Herbivores eat only plants. –Carnivores eat only animals. –Omnivores eat both plants and animals. –Detritivores eat dead organic matter. –Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. carnivore decomposer

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Producer? Consumer? Decomposer? Apple tree Mushroom Carrot Bamboo Cougar Bacteria Flower Pigeon Snake Catfish PDPPCDPCCCPDPPCDPCCC

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Specialists are consumers that primarily eat one specific organism or a very small number of organisms. Generalists are consumers that have a varying diet. Do not have a single source of food.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a food chain. –Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers. –Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores. –Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. –Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.

Chapter 13: Principles of Ecology

Choose any three organisms and use them to fill in the food chain below Producer Herbivore/Omnivore Carnivore/Omnivore Grass Plankton Cow Whale Human Shark

Label the diagram: Producer(P), Herbivore(H) Carnivore(C), Omnivore (O) Primary (1), Secondary (2), or Tertiary (3) Consumer

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