Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid Macromolecules

CARBOHYDRATES All carbs are made up of only 3 elements: Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. All carbs look like this in their simplest form. By the way, this is called a simple sugar or monosaccharide. mono = one saccharide = sugar But remember I said that you can use these guys as building blocks. Well if you put two of them together you get this. It’s called a disaccharide. Di = two

And if you string a bunch of monosaccharides together you get a polysaccharide. They look like this. Luckily they have the same general shape (hexagonal) and they are all carbohydrates.

Let’s review carbohydrates. Why do you need to eat them? What foods contain carbs? List the 3 elements that are contained in carbohydrates. Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

Introduction Definition: water insoluble compounds They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform Functions Energy storage Structure of cell membranes Thermal blanket and cushion Precursors of hormones (steroids and prostaglandins) Types: Fatty acids Sterol Phospholipids

LIPIDS Lipids contain 3 elements; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Sounds familiar right!

Triglycerides FATS – triglycerides that are solid at room temperature OILS – triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature

Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids saturated: have no double bonds between carbons in chain unsaturated: more than one double bond in the chain

Some fats are called phospholipids. They look like this. Basically, the difference is that instead of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol, they have 2 fatty acids and a glycerol. They also have an end that loves to be in water and a side that repels water. Two layers together is a perfect way to surround a cell or a cell part!

STEROIDS…..the good kind The main feature of steroids is the ring system Steroids include such well known compounds as cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisone NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.

LIPIDS FOUND: In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animalsIn animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animals Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

WHAT CAN YOU EAT TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE LIPIDS? Butter

Review time. What 3 elements make up the group called lipids? Which of these are a lipid? How can you tell? List 3 ways your body uses lipids. What foods contain lipids?

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA that carry your hereditary information and are used to make proteins We will learn a lot more about nucleic acids later!!!!

What do they do ? Dictate amino-acid sequence in proteins Give information to chromosomes, which is then passed from parent to offspring

What are they made of ? Simple units called nucleotides, connected in long chains Nucleotides have 3 parts: 1- 5-Carbon sugar (pentose) 2- Nitrogen containing base (made of C, H and N) 3- A phosphate group ( P ) The P groups make the links that unite the sugars (hence a “sugar-phosphate backbone”

Nucleotides Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate Sugar Base PO 4 MONOMER = NUCELOTIDE POLYMER = NUCLEIC ACID

Two types of Nucleotides (depending on the sugar they contain) 1- Ribonucleic acids (RNA) The pentose sugar is Ribose (has a hydroxyl group in the 3 rd carbon---OH) 2- Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) The pentose sugar is Deoxyribose (has just an hydrogen in the same place--- H)Deoxy = “minus oxygen”

DNA Nucleotides Composition (3 parts): 1- Deoxyribose sugar (no O in 3 rd carbon) 2- Phosphate group 3- One of 4 types of bases (all containing nitrogen): - Adenine - Thymine (Only in DNA) - Cytosine - Guanine

RNA Nucleotides Composition ( 3 parts): 1- Ribose sugar (with O in 3 rd carbon) 2- Phosphate group 3- One of 4 types of bases (all containing nitrogen): - Adenine - Uracil (only in RNA) - Cytosine - Guanine

DNA vs RNA DNA 1- Deoxyribose sugar 2- Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine 3- Phosphate group RNA 1- Ribose sugar 2- Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine 4- Phosphate group

PROTEINS Proteins are composed of 4 elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. The basic unit is called an amino acid and it looks like this.

PROTEINS FOUND IN: In plant foods- in the cell membranesIn plant foods- in the cell membranes In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…

WHAT MAKES ONE PROTEIN DIFFERENT FROM THE NEXT???? THE R-GROUP! Alanine Cysteine Lysine

Structure – four levels of organization 1 st level – sequence of amino acids in chain 2 nd level – amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded 3 rd level – the chain can twist and fold 4 th level – more than one chain held in place by Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Van der Waals forces are not bonds. They’re weak attractions between molecules. They can hold molecules together in large molecules

Cell membrane Proteins

Antibodies are part of the immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.

Contractile Proteins

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long ! They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

Enzymes at work: Enzymes work as CATALYSTS : a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction allowing it to occur faster Quick review of reactions……..

ENERGY IN REACTIONS Endothermic reaction or ENERGY ABSORBING REACTION. Will not occur without a source of energy Exothermic reaction or ENERGY RELEASING REACTION. Often occur spontaneously ACTIVATION ENERGY: THE ENERGY THAT IS NEEDED TO GET A REACTION STARTED.

Effect of Enzyme:

How do enzymes work….. hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter2/ani mation__how_enzymes_work.html

What can effect how enzymes work: Temperature pH Specificity Inhibitors

Review again? Of course!!!! 1. Which of the following suspects is a protein component? 2. List some foods that provide proteins? 3. How does my body use proteins?