© 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill CHAPTER TWO Commit to Ethical Speaking

4-2 Main Ideas in the Chapter 1. Know What Ethics Are 2. Make the Choice to Be Ethical 3. Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism 4. Use Civility as a Companion to Ethical Speaking 5. Use Additional Ways to Earn Speaker Credibility

4-3 #1 – Know What Ethics Are Ethics are the standards society uses to determine right action from wrong. The speaking process requires ethical decisions.

4-4 #1 – Know What Ethics Are Ethical standards are constructed. Speakers have a responsibility to abide by ethical guidelines. Ethical speaking is a choice. Most ethical violations are unintentional.

4-5 #1 – Know What Ethics Are Strain on relationship with audience Reduced chance of meeting communication goals Effects on the Outcome Weakened position Hurt reputation Reduced grades Effects on the Speaker

4-6 #1 – Know What Ethics Are Speaker passed untruths to unsuspecting listeners. Listeners may act in unethical ways. Effects on the audience

4-7 #2 – Make the Choice to Be Ethical Illegal speech includes Fighting words Slander Invading another’s privacy Inciting people to lawless behavior Hate speech The First Amendment protects free, uncensored speech.

4-8 #2 – Make the Choice to Be Ethical Always be ethical. Speak up and speak out. Promote positive cultural values. Be informed and prepared. Acknowledge shades of gray.

4-9 #2 – Make the Choice to Be Ethical Be up front about intentions. Use truthful, accurate supporting materials. Give credit to sources. Use concrete language. Be inclusive. (Continued)

4-10 #2 – Make the Choice to Be Ethical Avoid verbal attacks. Avoid overuse of emotional appeals. Respect people’s time. Accept responsibility. (Continued)

4-11 #3 – Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism Three forms of plagiarism Incremental Patchwork Global

4-12 #3 – Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism Prepare early. Create a system for taking notes. Create something new. Use multiple resources. Give verbal credit. Abide by fair use.

4-13 #3 – Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism A Four-Question Test for Ethics Source: (Jurgen Habermas) Adapted from Richard L. Johannesen, Ethics in Human Communication, 5th ed. (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2002), 45.

4-14 #3 – Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism You need to cite: Facts Statistics Quotes or testimony Novel ideas, examples, or strategies Class notes Opinions, analyses, and interpretations Paraphrased material Images (photos, videos, graphs, and charts)

4-15 #3 – Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism

4-16 #3 – Avoid the Costs of Plagiarism

4-17 #4 – Use Civility Abide by a code of decency… Show respect, honesty, fairness, and tolerance to others.

4-18 #4 – Use Civility You are more likely to practice ethical speaking. The audience is more likely to keep listening. Society benefits. Outcomes of speaking with civility:

4-19 #5 – Additional Ways to Earn Credibility Establishing credibility in all contexts: Be prepared. Show confidence. Speak conversationally. Be objective. Use first-person pronouns. Be dynamic. Show you want to communicate. Dress appropriately. Address your audience.

4-20 #5 – Additional Ways to Earn Credibility Establishing credibility in individual contexts: Education, training, and occupation Age Life experience Expertise Personal connections Memberships Culture