Muslim Empires “Gunpowder Empires”

Chapter 15 quiz will be next class. AP EXAM is 111 days away… – REGISTRATION!!! $97. Pick up the map handout. Today is January 21, 2016

Ottoman*Safavid*Mughal 8 th Period – Tuesday - January 21, :40-3:05…Research and become the expert for your empire. 3:05-3:30…Group in threes (O/S/M) and teach the others in your group about your empire. 3:30 – 4:10…T B D Homework: Reach chapter 15 and complete key points.

UNIT IV: GLOBAL INTERACTIONS (aka The “Early Modern” Period) – Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange – New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production – State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion How do Early-Modern Empires manage ethnic and religious diversity?

…last time European Catholic absolutist colonial empires Spain Spain Portugal Portugal Castas System Castas System Encomienda Encomienda Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas Pandemics among natives Pandemics among natives Portuguese and Spanish diffuse into colonies Portuguese and Spanish diffuse into colonies Tried to recreate conditions from parent country Tried to recreate conditions from parent country Syncretic religion develops Syncretic religion develops Colonies were Global Colonies were Global How did these colonists manage ethic and religious differences? How did these colonists manage ethic and religious differences? European Protestant parliamentary colonial empires England England The Netherlands The Netherlands Established Settler Colonies Established Settler Colonies Settlers sought to escape conditions in Europe Settlers sought to escape conditions in Europe Pandemics among natives Pandemics among natives Colonies are Global Colonies are Global How did these colonists manage ethic and religious differences? How did these colonists manage ethic and religious differences?

Early Modern Muslim Empires..

The GUNPOWDER EMPIRES The M UGHAL The S AFAVID The O TTOMAN

The Islamic “Gunpowder” Empires The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam –All three Islamic empires were military creations –Gunpowder weapons were critical to rise of each empire –Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new lands Origins –All 3 were Turkish in origin –Autocratic: Emperors imposed their will on the state –Ongoing problems with royal succession - Ottoman fratricide Women (Christian slaves chosen for harem duty) –Privately had great influence on politics –All lived together in the sultan’s harem –Eunuchs & women often influenced policies, political selections –Children raised in harem; often not allowed out until teenagers

COMMERCE EXPORTS: Agriculture: the basis of all three empires – Major crops: wheat and rice – traditional arts, crafts; little manufacturing – Safavids offered silk, carpets, & ceramics to Europeans – Mughal empires less attentive trading and allow English, French, and Dutch establish a commercial power base IMPORTS: Coffee & tobacco very popular – Coffee houses become a major social tradition – Long-distance trade important to all three empires

Problems Similar to the European Empires Problems of EXPANSION Issues with TRADE Coping with ethnic and Religious Diversity in Conquered RegionsCoping with ethnic and Religious Diversity in Conquered Regions

Suleyman the Magnificent Patron of the arts  Golden Age Pushed into Europe and laid siege on Vienna Absolute monarchy, but later removed himself and ruled through a Vizier Islamic religious scholars & legal experts served administrative functions Still a major problem is succession

Ottoman Empire 1300s-1923 Peaked in mid-1600s Became too large to maintain Plagued by corruption, Inflation, changing world economy. Successors to the throne often lived sheltered lives and were unequipped to rule European military and naval technology eventually surpassed the Ottomans

 The Ottoman Empire conquered territories that were  European (1453 Constantinople, 1500’s Vienna)  African  Islamic  Catholic  Orthodox Christian  Jewish

How Did the Ottoman Empire cope with all of these different groups?? How Did the Ottoman Empire cope with all of these different groups??

The Turkish Millet System Each Millet –Characterized by resettlement of populations based on RELIGION and ETHNICITY - Devshirme In the Millet system –Each community was responsible for The allocation and collection of its taxes Its educational arrangements Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance

THE TURKISH MILLET Residential division based on religion – Individual Leadership within the community based on Faith – Heads of millet were answerable to Turkish sultan – Advised sultan on affairs in the community – Was punished by sultan for problems of the community – The allocation and collection of its taxes – Its educational arrangements – Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance – Later expanded to other ethnic communities – Muslims were not a part of the system, they were ruled by the Quran,/Sharia – Large cities were divided into quarters based on religion, language – System functioned well until rise of European nationalism

Safavid Empire Geographically sandwiched between the Ottoman & Mughal Geographically sandwiched between the Ottoman & Mughal Founded by SUFI Muslims but become Shi’ite Founded by SUFI Muslims but become Shi’ite Leader: “Shah” and ancient Persian title. Leader: “Shah” and ancient Persian title. Frequently in conflict with SUNNI neighbors Frequently in conflict with SUNNI neighbors – Battle of Chaldiran; 1514 The Safavid will conquer: The Safavid will conquer: – Muslims – Jews – Zoroastrians MARGINALIZE ethnic and Religious minorities MARGINALIZE ethnic and Religious minorities

SAFAVID (PERSIA) Founder Shah Isma’il 1501 Shah: ancient Persian title Proclaimed Twelver Shi’ism official religion (Shi’ite) Imposed it on Sunni population Followers were qizilbash (or "Red Hats") Twelver Shiism – Traced origins to 12 ancient Shiite imams – Ismai’il believed to be twelfth, or "hidden," imam

SAFAVID PERSIA Battle of Chaldiran (1514) – Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites within Ottoman empire Shah Abbas the Great ( ) – Revitalized the Safavid empire – Modernized military – Sought European alliances – Permitted European merchants & missionaries – Centralized administration

The MUGHAL EMPIRE Descended from MONGOLSDescended from MONGOLS MINORITY Shia’MINORITY Shia’ Majority …?Majority …? Also many …?Also many …? Tolerance of religious and ethnic majorityTolerance of religious and ethnic majority –Akhbar, and later, Aurangzeb, and the difference? –“Din I Ilahi”

Mughal India 1523-mid 1700s Wanted to unify the empire—1 ST time Patronized the arts Promoted women’s rights and independence Promotes diverse religious dialogue – Din-i-ilahi: Blended religion of Islam/Hindu/ Buddhism – cooperation with Hindu rulers – encouraged intermarriage – Abolished the tax on non-Muslims – Promoted Hindus to high-ranking government jobs AKBAR

Mughal India 1523-mid 1700s Architecture – Blended Persian, Hindu ornamentation and Islamic domes, arches and minarets

Pushed to extend Muslim control to all of India – Revoked policies of toleration: Hindus taxed, temples destroyed Peasant uprisings Revolts by Muslim and Hindu (costly to fight) Allows Europeans to establish trade bases. Mughal India Aurangzeb

Mughal India 1523-mid 1700s Weak India, allowed European traders in search of cotton to increase their influence 1661 British East India Company controlled trade in Bombay British East India Co founded Calcutta

GENERALLY SPEAKING How do the Gunpowder Empires Cope with religious and ethnic diversity within their borders? How do the Gunpowder Empires Cope with religious and ethnic diversity within their borders?

ON an Index Card… Write a thesis statement answering the following question: Write a thesis statement answering the following question: Of the examples of early modern European and Islamic empires, which has the best method of managing religious and ethnic diversity? Add at least 3 factual bullets as evidence.

ON (the other side of) an Index Card… Write a thesis statement answering the following question: Write a thesis statement answering the following question: What may be a long-term difficulty with the Millet System? Add at least 3 factual bullets as evidence.

ON an Index Card… In terms of Change and Continuity over time, write a thesis statement answering the following question: Analyze cultural changes and continuities in ONE of the following regions over the period Latin America Western Europe Southwest and South Asia ONE category for change- ONE for continuity… 3 facts each- PLUS the cause of the change. ONE category for change- ONE for continuity… 3 facts each- PLUS the cause of the change.

HW: Ch 15 + KP