The Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans: Does anyone know the story behind how the croissant pastry got its shape?

The Ottomans: During the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1638, Viennese bakers discovered Turkish soldiers trying to tunnel beneath the walls. They alerted the defenders of the city, and the attempt was foiled. The siege soon ended. To celebrate their victory over the Turks, these bakers created pastries in the shape of the Turkish crescent, their national symbol!

The Ottomans: Ottoman Empire founded by Osman I, who ruled from 1280 to Osman I was a Ghazi (warrior for Islam). Ghazi: Islamic warriors who would conquer lands for plunder, glory, and to spread Islam Ghazis took control of old Seljuk territories, and expanded into Christian-held lands

The Ottomans Osman I and his Ghazi Warriors

The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder  Later used cannons as offensive weapons The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they conquered  They ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan  Muslims: serve in Turkish army, but did not have to pay a personal tax to the state  Non-Muslims: did not have to serve in the army, but had to pay the tax

Expansion Under their leader, Mehmet II, the Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople.  Constantinople: Bosporus Strait Constantinople is renamed Istanbul, and becomes the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. This is a serious blow, as well as a threat, to Christian Europe. Ottomans were the first to use large numbers of muskets and cannons, which gave them military and technological superiority

Siege of Constantinople

Expansion The Ottomans then begin to expand eastward into Muslim-controlled territory Selim the Grim comes to power in 1512 after murdering his father and brothers Selim was an effective Sultan and General  Defeated the Safavids Sultan: title of Ottoman rulers

Expansion Selim captures Arabia, Palestine, Persia, Syria, and sections of Egypt. Captures the holy cities of Mecca and Medina Ottomans now control much of the territory of the original Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphates Turkish Sultans would later take the title of caliph, giving them religious authority

Ottoman Expansion

Suleyman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire reaches its height under Selim’s son, Suleiman. Suleiman rules for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566

Suleyman the Magnificent His was sometimes called Suleiman the Lawgiver or Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman was also a great general. His armies conquered much of southern Europe (The Balkans) and North Africa Expansion is finally stopped when he lays siege to Vienna, Austria but fails to capture it.

Siege of Vienna: 1525

Achievements of Suleiman Suleiman earns title of Lawgiver because he simplified the laws of the empire.  Law code to handle criminal and civil actions  Simplified the system of taxation and reduced government bureaucracy Promoted science and architecture His chief architect constructed many beautiful schools, libraries, mosques, and bridges Ottoman Empire under Suleiman had an efficient civil service

Suleiman Mosque

Mostar Bridge

Civil Service and Social Structure Devshirme Practice of taking Christian boys between years of age, forcibly converting them to Islam, and training them for positions in either: a) military – “Men of the Sword” b) civil service – “Men of the Pen”

Civil Service and Social Structure Janissaries Christian slaves captured during warfare who were trained as elite infantry in the Ottoman military Vizier High-ranking advisor to the Sultan. Often came from the devshirme system

Civil Service and Social Structure Millets Provinces of the empire were allowed their own local government. Non-Muslim communities were loyal to sultan but were ruled by own religious leaders Included Jews, Armenians, Christians

Strengths of Ottoman Empire 1. Control of Trade 2. Wealth – control of trade + taxation of provinces = great wealth 3. Military superiority – muskets, cannon, elite infantry and cavalry (Janissaries) 4. Political stability through millet system

Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry Chief rival of the Ottoman Empire was the Safavid Empire, located in present-day Iran Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims Fought with the Ottomans for religious reasons, as well as control over Mesopotamia

Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry

Decline of Ottomans Suleiman killed his oldest son Mustafa, who would have been an able successor His vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was also assasinated by Suleiman’s wife His last son, Selim II, lost battles to Europeans Selim allows bureaucracy to become corrupt

Decline of Ottomans During the reign of Selim, the empire begins a slow, steady decline: 1. Europeans are able to sail around Africa, bypassing old trade routes 2. Wealth from New World (gold and silver) makes European powers rich 3. Industrial Revolution never takes place for the Ottomans

18.2 – Cultural Blending: The Safavid Empire

Bellwork- 9/15/16 Write Questions What do you think cultural blending is? What trait of a society do you think can prevent cultural blending? What are some current examples of cultural blending?

Patterns Cultural interaction = exposure to ideas, food, technology Crossroads, trade routes, ports, & borders = beginning of mixture Beneficial to be open and willing to adapt Cultural blending = new patterns of behavior

Causes Cultural change brought about by: – Migration – Trade – Conquest – Religious freedom or conversion Ex: Ottomans – Surrounded = motivation to take territory – Location on trade route = riches & contact with many – Interest in learning = new ideas about art, literature, etc.

Results Blending can lead to changes in all aspects Language – characters from one to another – Chinese to Japanese Religion – Different traditions w/in same religion – Reformation Government – same government, different interpretations – Democracy: Athens v. U.S. Ethnic Mixture – cultures mix together – Mestizos or Creoles in the Americas Arts & Architecture – peoples adapt styles of others – Chinese artistic elements in European paintings

Safavids Fueled by need for territory & alignment to Shi’a Islam Squeezed by Ottomans & Mughals = need for powerful army : Isma’il seizes Iran – Takes the title of shah & makes Shi’a the state religion Religious tyrant: Kills all who don’t convert – Actions lead to modern border between Iraq & Iran Tahmasp (son) expands empire to Caucasus & Turkey – Brings Christians into the empire

Golden Age 1587: Shah Abbas takes the throne Issues reforms – Limited the army’s power by establishing an army of Persians & Christians = loyal to him – Punishes corruption & promotes by skill & loyalty – Hires foreigners to government positions Encouraged trade with Christian Europe Built a new capital at Esfahan = modern center for learning

The Arts Shah Abbas focused on the arts – Brought Chinese artisans to Esfahan – Produce vast amounts of metalwork, paintings, pottery, etc. Collaboration = blend of Chinese & Persian ideas Interactions w/ the West = demand for Persian carpets – Becomes a national industry – Huge source of wealth – Artists sent to Italy to adapt to European demands

Quick Decline Makes same mistake as Suleyman I w/ his successor Kills or blinded ablest sons Safi takes Safavids down the same path, but quicker 1736: Nadir Shah Afshar expands empire to India 1747: dies = disintegration of the empire

Complete your map

Notes Stop Here For Quiz Monday, Sept 19

The Mughal Empire History 381: Asian Experience

Islam to 1500

The Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire The founders of the Moghuls were Chaghatay Turks descended from Timur (Timurlane). Originating beyond the Hindu Kush, they were driven out of central Asia in 1504 by the Uzbek Turks. Babur ( ), the founder of the Moghul dynasty, seized Kabul and in 1526 defeated the Afghan king of Delhi.

The Mughal Empire Babur's son, Humayun ( , ), was unable to hold his legacy and was driven into exile to Persia. With the help of the Safavid Shah, Tahmasp ( ), Humayun recaptured Delhi in 1555

The Mughal Empire One of the greatest rulers in Indian history was Akbar ( ), third Mughal emperor, generally considered the true founder of the Mughal Empire. He followed an aggressive expansionist policy, and by the time of his death, the Mughals controlled the land from the Himalaya Mountains to the Godavari River in central India and from Kashmir to the mouths of the Brahmapatra and Ganges Rivers.

The Mughal Empire

Along with Delhi and Agra, newly constructed ( ) Fatchpur Sikri, 26 miles from Agra, also served as an imperial capital. Akbar's son Jahangir ( ) did not possess his father's abilities but did succeed in consolidating Moghul rule in Bengal.

The Mughal Empire Expansion continued under Shah Jahan ( ), Jahangir's son, who waged campaigns on the northwestern frontier of the Hindu Kush and in the Deccan plateau. Shah Jahan founded a new capital at Delhi in 1648 to supersede Agra.

The Mughal Empire When Shah Jahan's wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died delivering her thirteenth child, he ordered construction of the Taj Mahal at Agra as an enduring monument.

The Mughal Empire The Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal Shah Jahan (r ) had a strong interest in architecture. His most enduring monument is the Taj Mahal, the supreme example of a garden tomb. Twenty thousand workers toiled eighteen years to build this memorial in Agra to Shah Jahan's favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died at age of 39 giving birth to their thirteenth child.

With no formal procedure for succession, Shah Jahan's two sons struggled for power. The victor was Aurangzeb ( ) who executed his brother and had himself crowned emperor in His father was imprisoned. Aurangzeb expanded the Moghul Empire south to Mysore and Marathas in the western Daccan. Heavy-handed policies led to rebellion of the Hindu Marathas who were defeated but nonetheless continued to fight. After Aurangzeb's death they created a confederation of almost all the Deccan states under their leadership.

Western Powers in India The two major powers contending for control of weakened India were France and Britain. The French arrived in India in the 1670s and established several trading factories. They captured Fort St. George at Madras in 1746, and by 1751 the French had gained control of the Deccan and Carnatic regions.

British Expansion in India In the meantime, British controled Bengal by buying off the officers of the French-supported governor and then defeated the governor at Plassey, north of Calcutta, in The British gained more in the south and prevented the arrival of French reinforcements. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ending the Seven Years' War in Europe recognized British control of much of India.

The British East India Company The British East India Company traded silver, copper, zinc, and fabrics to the Indians in return for cotton goods, silks, sugar and opium (to be used in the trade with China). European factories at Madras and Calcutta where Indian cotton goods were shipped to the East Indies and bartered for spices which were then sent back to England.