المــــركــز الوطنــــــي لبحــــــوث الطـــاقــــــة National Energy Research Center PV Systems – Applications and Components Eng. Laith Basha M.Sc Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Cairo- Egypt & Kassel- Germany Universities, 2012 B.Sc Electrical Engineering The University of Jordan, 2007

Types of PV Systems –Standalone “off-grid” –Grid connected “on-grid” PV Mounting Structures –Tilt angle effect –Azimuth angle effect 2 Outline

3 Types of PV Systems Standalone “off-grid” Grid-connected “on-grid” Without storage With storage Hybrid Systems directly connected to the public grid connected to public grid via house grid Motors “e.g. pumps” DC Systems AC Systems with wind turbine with diesel generator with public grid backup Type Of PV systems

4 PV Array DC Load DC/DC Power Conditioning Unit Off-grid / Without battery storage / Power-conditioned DC system Step up or Step down of DC voltage

5 DC Submersible Water Pumping System PV ArrayDC/DC Pump Controller DC Submersible Pump Variable Voltage (Proportional to Solar Intensity) Off-grid / Without battery storage / Power-conditioned DC system

6 PV Array AC Load DC/AC Power Conditioning Unit Off-grid / Without battery storage / Power-conditioned AC system

7 AC Submersible Water Pumping System PV ArrayDC/AC Pump Controller AC Submersible Pump Variable Voltage & Frequency (Proportional to Solar Intensity) Off-grid / Without battery storage / Power-conditioned AC system

8 PV Array DC Load Charge & Load Controller Battery Off-grid / With battery storage / DC system

9 Solar Home Systems & DC Industrial Systems PV Array DC Load Battery Bank Charge & Load Controller Off-grid / With battery storage / DC system

10 PV Array Charge Controller Battery DC/AC Inverter AC Load Off-grid / With battery storage / AC system

11 Solar Home Systems & AC Industrial Applications PV Array AC Load Battery Bank Charge Controller DC/AC Inverter With fixed voltage & frequency Off-grid / With battery storage / AC system

12 PV Array Charge Controller Battery DC/AC Inverter AC Load Other Source Power Conditioning Unit DC-Coupled Off-grid / With battery storage / Hybrid System

13 Hybrid Solar/Wind PV Array AC Load Battery Bank Charge Controller DC/AC Inverter Wind Turbine Wind Controller DC-Coupled Off-grid / With battery storage / Hybrid System

14 PV Array PV Inverter Battery DC/AC Inverter AC Load Other Source Power Conditioning Unit AC-Coupled Grid Former Off-grid / With battery storage / Hybrid System

15 Inverters AC Bus (3-phase) Hybrid Solar/Wind/Diesel Off-grid / With battery storage / Hybrid System

16 The grid is the network of cables by which electricity is transported from power stations to houses, buildings & other places. A grid connected PV system is linked to this grid or electrical network. This means that it can deliver the electricity it produces into the electricity network and therefore no battery or other storage is needed. On-grid PV Systems

17 On-grid PV Systems

Net metering The difference between production-consumption is measured Feed-in tariff The total production of energy is measured 18 Block diagram of grid connected PV systems

19 Large PV power plants PV Power Plant

20 Large on-grid PV power plants

21 Large Scale PV Systems

22 PV Residential On-grid PV System/ Net-metering (Jordan Example) Bi directional

23 Fixed Adjustable tilt (season by season) Single axis tracking –Horizontal axis –Inclined axis –Vertical axis Two or Dual Axis Tracking PV Mounting Structures

24 Fixed PV Mounting Structures

25 Annual Optimum Tilt (Latitude) Summer Tilt Winter Tilt Adjustable Tilt Angle

26 Reference: PVGIS Effect of Tilt Angle on Monthly Averages of Daily Solar Radiation sums

27 Horizontal Single Axis Tracking

28 Vertical Single Axis Tracking

29 Inclined Single Axis Tracking

30 Dual Axis Tracking

31 Reference: PVGIS Yield Comparison Between Fixed and Tracked PV Mounting Structures

32 Reference: PVGIS Tilt or Inclination Angle Effect

33 Reference: PVGIS Azimuth or Orientation Angle Effect

34 Thanks