TELEMATICS PRESENTATION 6 SEPTEMBER 2016

2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

3 The wall of the eye consist of three layers:  SCLERA – tough outer layer, white, clear in front to form cornea. -  CHOROID – vascular layer, provides eye with nutrients and oxygen, ciliary body and muscles.  RETINA – inner layer contains photoreceptors. This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

Compare the positions of the various parts as seen in section and from the front. 4 This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

5 Give the LETTER and the NAME of the part which: Protects the delicate inner layers of the eye Regulates the amount of light entering the eye Contracts to change the shape of the lens Is protected by the conjunctiva C D G F This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

 is the adjustment of the shape of the lens to see objects clearly whether they are far away or close by. 6This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

7 Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments (become taut) Tension on lens increases Lens becomes less convex (flatter) - Light rays are refracted (bent) less This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

Ciliary muscles contract Ciliary body moves closer to the lens Suspensory ligaments slacken- Tension on lens decreases Lens becomes more convex (more rounded)-Light rays are refracted (bent) more 8 This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

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 The IRIS regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. Protects the retina against too much light. 10This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

* radial muscles relax * circular muscles contract * pupil opening smaller (LESS LIGHGT enters eye) * radial muscle contract *circular muscles relax *pupil opening bigger (MORE LIGHT enters eye) 11 IN BRIGHT LIGHT IN DIM LIGHT This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

ANSWER THE QUESTION BELOW  Which TWO diagrams show the results when the ciliary muscles contract and the circular muscles of the iris relax 12 DIAGAM 1DIAGAM 2 DIAGAM 3DIAGAM 4 This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

13This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

14 The ear is responsible for hearing as well as balance This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

15This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

1.PINNA Traps the sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal. 2.TYMPANIC MEMBRANE Vibrates and transmits the vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear. 3.The OSSICLES amplify the vibrations and carry them via the middle ear to the membrane of the oval window. 4. Vibrates and causes pressure waves in the inner ear. 5. COCHLEA:These vibrations cause the sensory cells in the organ of Corti to be stimulated in the cochlea and nerve impulses are generated. 6. AUDITORY NERVE Transmits nerve impulses to the cerebrum to be interpreted. 16 This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

The three semicircular canals— posterior, superior, and lateral, which lie at 90-degree angles to one another—contain sensory receptor organs, arranged to detect rotational movement. These receptor end organs are stimulated by changes in the rate or direction of a person's movement. The utricle and saccule are involved with linear movements 17This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

Balance is detected by the position of the head in relation with the ground as well as the movement of the head 18 Movement of head Position of head in relation with the ground This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

19This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

20 This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

21This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

22 Round window cochlea cristae 3a)Impulses from the cochlea cannot be transmitted to the brain  - and therefore hearing will not occur  3b) Part A will not be able to vibrate  - The round window will not absorb the sound waves  from the cochlea - and hearing will be affected  This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

 Greek, homeo or "constant",  stasis or "stable"  means remaining stable or remaining the same. 23 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

The process of maintaining a constant, internal environment within narrow limits, despite changes that take place internally and externally. Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal stability within an organism and returning to a particular stable state after a fluctuation. 24 HOMEOSTASIS = DEFINITION This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

25 1.Imbalance is detected 2. Message is sent to control centre 4. Target organ carries out corrective action 5.Balance is restored 3. Correcting mechanism comes into play CALLED: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

 STEP 1: An IMBALANCE is DETECTED  STEP 2: A message is sent to the CONTROL CENTRE  STEP 3: Control centre RESPONDS  STEP 4: MESSAGE/INSTRUCTION sent to TARGET ORGAN/EFFECTOR  STEP 5: Target organ RESPONDS (carries out corrective action)  STEP 6: It OPPOSES/REVERSES the imbalance  STEP 7: BALANCE is RESTORED 26 STEPS IN A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM…… This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

27 Exocrine and endocrine cells  Acinar cells (forming most of the pancreas) ◦ Exocrine function ◦ Secrete digestive enzymes  Islet cells (of Langerhans) ◦ Endocrine function ◦ secretes hormones directly into blood stream This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

28 1.Imbalance is detected (after meal rich in carbohydrates) 3. INSULIN is secreted 2. Message is sent to the beta cells in pancreas 4. Insulin – liver: converts glucose into glycogen 5.Glucose level returns to normal 6.Glucose used during cellular respiration – and drops below normal 7. Correcting mechanism comes into play Glucagon – liver: converts glycogen into glucose 3. Correcting mechanism comes into play 8.Glucose level returns to normal This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

29 MEDULLA OBLONGATA Carbon dioxide + water carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) it breaks down to form hydrogen ions (H + ) and bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ). Increased H + will cause a decrease in blood pH and this causes an increase in breathing rate.pH CONTROL OF CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

30This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

31 LESS WATER THAN NORMAL (BLOOD) Stimulated Secretes more ADH ADH increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules More water re- absorbed and passed to surrounding blood vessels Water returns-normal This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

32 MORE WATER THAN NORMAL (BLOOD) Stimulated Secretes less ADH Less ADH to kidney increases : less permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules less water re- absorbed and passed to surrounding blood vessels; more water passed with urine Water returns-normal This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

More sodium ions reabsorbed Less sodium ions excreted 33 CONTROL OF SALT LEVELS IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT NORMAL SODIUM LEVEL IN BLOOD More aldosterone is secreted sodium level rises Sodium level decreases Sodium levels increases sodium levels drops Less aldosterone secreted Less sodium ions reabsorbed More sodium ions excreted This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

34 This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

35This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics

TEMPERATURE REGULATION This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics 36/38

37 TEMPERATURE REGULATION This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics 37

38 COMPARE THE DIAGRAMS This powerpoint was compiled by Carlyn Oppelt for Telematics