Essential Question ? What is negative feedback?

Endocrine System

Exocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands Glands that have ducts Secretes hormones through duct. Located near the gland or organ it effects Example Liver Gallbladder Sweat gland Lacrimal gland Pancrease Ductless Secretes hormones directly into the blood stream (via capillaries that embed the gland) Example Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal glands

Example: Endocrine Example: Exocrine

Pancrease is both : Endocrine Exocrine Secretes insulin via specialized cells directly into the circulatory system Secretes pancreatic enzymes into the small intestines via pancreatic duct

Functions of the Endocrine System To secrete hormones (chemical messengers) that coordinate and direct target cells and organs

Target cells are specific cells that react to specific hormones

Endocrine Glands Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Thymus Pancrease Adrenal Glands Gonads Ovaries Testis Pineal #Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland Tiny structure the size of a grape Located at the base of the Brain Connected to the hypothalamus Divided into anterior and posterior lobes The “Master Gland”

Anterior Pituitary Lobe Posterior Pituitary Lobe GROWTH HORMONE (GH ) - responsible for growth and development PROLACTIN – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE ( TSH ) stimulates thyroxine ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH ) stimulates adrenal cortex FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE ( FSH) stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in Males LUTEINIZING HORMONE ( LH) – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females VASOPRESSIN – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserveH2O in the body OXYTOCIN – released during childbirthcausing contractions of the uterus

Hormones Secreted by the Pituitary Gland GH TSH ACHT Vasopressin FSH LH Prolactin Oxytocin

Prolactin Stimulates the production of breast milk Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterus for childbirth

Thyroid Gland Butterfly-shaped Located on either side of larynx/trachea area Secretes Thyroxin (controlled by TSH) Calcitonin Thyroxin controls cellular metabolism Calcitonin controls calcium ion concentration in the body (prevents hypercalcemia)

Parathyroid Glands Four small glands (grain of rice) Located on the posterior thyroid Secretes Parathormone controls blood calcium levels prevents hypocalcemia

Thymus Gland Mass of lymphatic tissue produces lymphocytes Both endocrine and lymphatic gland Located behind the sternum above the heart Atrophies by puberty

Adrenal Glands Located on superior kidney Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory) mineralcorticoids glucocorticoids androgens (male sex hormone) Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) powerful stimulant – fight or flight norepinephrine

Pancreas Feather like organ Located behind the stomach Both endocrine and exocrine function Specialized cells called Islets of Langerhans produces insulin glucagon insulin promotes the utilization of glucose by cells glucagon promotes the building of glycogen (takes excess glucose and forms polyscarrides and stores in the liver) This process helps keep glucose level normal 70 – 100 mg/dl

Gonads (sex organs) Ovaries Testes

Ovaries The ovaries are stimulated by the pituitary gland ( FSH, LH) FSH stimulates one of many follicles located within the ovary to produce a mature egg. LH stimulates the follicle to rupture and release the mature egg (ovulation) During this process the walls of the follicle produce Estrogen (secondary sex characteristics) Progesterone (responsible for the development of the placenta)

Testes Produce : Testosterone (responsible for male secondary sex characteristics)

Secondary Sex Characteristics Male Female Deep voice Muscles Facial and pubic hair Breast development Curves Pubic hair Vaginal secretions

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Essential Question ? Please list a minimal of 6 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

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Endocrine Disorders

Gigantism Acromegaly Dwarfsim

Gigantism Hyperfunction of the pituitary Over production of GH In preadolescent Overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

What are the two forms of diabetes mellitus and how are they different?

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