Copyright Statements Course materials contained in all PPT files are copyrighted and should not be reprinted or distributed without permission. Students who have registered in this course can use the course materials for educational purpose only.

Geography of Development  Definition and Measurement  Global Pattern  Theoretical Explanation

Defining Development  A process through which resources of a region have been brought into full productive use.

Uneven Development Development & Underdevelopment North / South Three Worlds Measuring Development

Comparative development levels

Measuring Development - GNP (Gross National Product) - GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) - Energy Consumption Per Capita - Percentage of Workforce in Agriculture - Calories and Nutrition - Education - Health - Aggregate Measure

Gross national income per capita, 2007

Purchasing power parity (PPP), 2007

Energy consumption and GNP

The South: per capita annual consumption of commercial energy.

Percentage of labor force engaged in agriculture

Country GroupPer Capita GNP a Per Capita Energy Consumption b Percent of Labor Force in Agriculture Least Developed Countries All Developing Countries Industrial Countries Economic Indicators and Agriculture ’ s Share of Labor a U.S. dollars b Kilograms of oil equivalent; commercial energy only. Source: World Bank and United Nations Development Programme.

South: daily dietary energy

The South: Adult literacy rate

Country rankings by Human Development Index

Explaining Development/Underdevelopment - Physical Geography - Resource Condition - Population Growth - Colonial Status

Harvard Institute for International Development - Physical Geography - Initial economic level - Government Policy - Demographic change Neo – Classic Explanation Dependency Theory

Polarization Backwash Effect Spread Effects Convergence Inequality Time

Perroux’s Growth Pole Theory Growth Pole: an economic concept a vector of economic forces from which centrifugal forces emanate and to which centripetal forces are attracted e.g. leading industries, firms Polarization: rapid growth of the leading industries which induce the polarization of other economic activities into the pole of growth e.g. flow of resources, capital, migration, etc.

Myrdal: Cumulative Upward Causation Backwash Effects: negative effects caused by prosperous regions on less prosperous regions. e.g. concentration of resources in the core at the cost of periphery, growing spatial inequality Spread Effects: beneficial impact of the prosperous regions on less prosperous regions. e.g. increased demand, capital investment, technology transfer

Hirschman: Polarization/Trickle Down Polarization Effect: growth centers attract or “drain” regional resources Trickle Down Effect: diffusion of growth and innovation from the growth center to the periphery

Reasons for polarization: - High demand in the center - Good facilities & infrastructure - Psychological effect - Tax revenue for further expansion

Reasons for spread effect : - Increased demand for agricultural products & raw materials - Diffusion of advanced technology - Diseconomies of scale in the center (high labour cost, congestion) - Government intervention for political considerations