AP Chapter 5 The Classical Period: Directions, Diversities, & Decline by 500 C.E.

Expansion & Integration Common themes were territorial expansion and efforts to integrate the new territories a.) Attempts to centralize them politically with common values & institutions b.) Utilized common cultures & social values c.) Economically attempted trade to strengthen their hold

China, India & the Med. All set about using the previous slides formula: India however focused on its religion

Beyond the Classical Civilizations Southeast Asia gained contact with India: Hinduism and Buddhism spread through trade.

Africa Kingdom of Kush-1000 B.C.E.

Kush Developed writing Mastered iron Conquers Egypt-750 B.C.E. Defeated by Axum in 300 B.C.E.

Ghana Agricultural Society

Japan Extensive agricultural society with fishing Populated via Korea over 200,000 year span Significant iron working capacity

Japan’s main religion is Shintoism Worshipped political rulers & spirits of nature (particularly God of Rice starting circa 700 B.C.E.)

Japan By 600 C.E. official contact is made with China

Americas Olmec's

Olmec's Continued Develop massive pyramid-shaped religious monuments & large headed totems

Olmec Agriculture centered around corn production Potatoes were also grown Domesticated turkeys, dogs, & guinea pigs Impressive calendars & use of jade Society disappears around 400 B.C.E. Successors create hieroglyphics & city of Teotihuacan

Maya Seem to rise about 400 C.E.

Mayas developed an astronomical system and calendar

Mayan Pyramids

Performed Human Sacrifices

Pacific-Polynesian

Polynesia

Polynesian Fiji & Solomon reached by 1000 B.C.E. Hawaii reached by 400 C.E. Each had a stratified society Each farmed & introduced pigs onto their islands

Decline in China & India Between 200 and 600 C.E. all three Classical Civilizations collapsed (China, India, & Rome) All suffer from outside invasions Both Han China & Rome suffer from internal problems prior to invasion

Han China’s fall was led by a Daoist revolution in 184 C.E. (healing practice & magic as part of their religion) Yellow Turbans led the revolt Revolt failed but civil war continued Epidemics hurt the Empire as well Buddhism weakened the traditional values Revival occurs about 6 th century Sui Dynasty is followed by the Tang Dynasty (618 C.E.)

Tang Dynasty

One of the most glorious in Chinese history Confucianism and bureaucratic system are revived Nomadic invaders are assimilated

Gupta Dynasty By 600 C.E. the Gupta Dynasty is destroyed in India Regional princes called Rajput, controlled the small states and emphasized military prowess Buddhism declines Worship of Devi spread widely Indian economy prospered Threat of Islam was on the horizon by the 7 th century

Gupta Dynasty Continued Indian leaders strengthened their religion in reaction to Islam Hindu texts began being written in the vernacular such as Hindi; use of Sanskrit declined Arab traders took control of trade routes from the Indian Ocean to Tamil

Glory days of the Guptas is over

Decline and Fall of Rome Couldn’t recruit effective armies Brutality & lack of effectiveness of Roman Emperors Ineffectiveness of tax collection Series of plagues weakened the population Pleasure seeking upper class stopped serving politically Cultural life decayed 1.) Little art or literature began being produced

Decline of Rome Continued Small farmers gave-up control of land to large land owners 1.) large landowners made their farms self- sufficient which reduced trade The Emperor Constantine divided the Empire which saved the Eastern half for a while but sped up the collapse of the West The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 C.E. under Germanic Invaders

Eastern Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire which included Greece 1.) Its language was Greek but its tone was Roman 2.) One of its greatest Emperors was Justinian who formed a Law Code

Emperor Justinian

Sassanid Empire

The Sassanid's devolved in the area of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 1.) Their origin was from the Parthians The Coptic Church developed in Africa 1.) St. Augustine was from North Africa

New Religious Map Time period of the rise of many of the World’s major religions ( C.E.) Time period of plagues caused new interest in Belief Systems Christianity became a widespread religion throughout the Med. Region as the Roman Empire’s political strength weakened

Religion Continued Buddhism saw its surge into Eastern Asia furthered by the growing problems of Classical China After 600 C.E., Islam surfaced and became the most dynamic force in World History during the next several centuries All three offered the hope of a better existence after this life had ended, and each one responded to new political instability and to the growing poverty of people in various parts of the civilized World

Buddhism Becomes a minority faith in India

Buddhism Its chief agents are Monks

Bodhisattvas Buddhism Holds that some people could attain Nirvana through meditation while choosing to remain in the World as saints and to aid others by prayers and example Buddhism shifted increasingly from an original emphasis on ethics to become a more emotional cult, stressing the possibility of popular salvation Bodhisattvas was the key in this transformation

Mahayana Buddhism The East Asian form of Buddhism is called Mahayana or the Greater Vehicle It has a greater emphasis on Buddha himself as a divine Savior It has more images dedicated to Buddha It improved its organization with priest, temples, creeds, and rituals

Mahayana Buddhism They believe Holy men’s souls, after death resided in a kind of super-heaven, where they receive prayers and aid people Syncretism (social blending) is found in Buddhism with regards to the handling of women: ”the wife revers her husband”