The Enlightenment Chapter 2 Section 2

1. The Enlightenment and the Philosophes Enlightenment an intellectual movement that began in France Enlightenment an intellectual movement that began in France Its leaders were called philosophes Its leaders were called philosophes They were writers, professors, journalists, and social reformers They were writers, professors, journalists, and social reformers Logic and Reason to solve problems Logic and Reason to solve problems Isaac Newton Isaac Newton Used astronomy and math as evidence that the physical universe followed natural laws Used astronomy and math as evidence that the physical universe followed natural laws

2. Voltaire Probably the greatest writer of the Enlightenment Probably the greatest writer of the Enlightenment He published Candide which was an attack against the French government He published Candide which was an attack against the French government He was a Deist He was a Deist -this means that he believes in God, but an impersonal God -this means that he believes in God, but an impersonal God -God created the earth, set it in motion, and it runs on natural laws -God created the earth, set it in motion, and it runs on natural laws

3. Montesquieu Also French, his famous work was The Spirit of the Laws Also French, his famous work was The Spirit of the Laws First political scientist First political scientist Identified 3 basic governments: Identified 3 basic governments: 1) Republics: for small states 1) Republics: for small states 2) Despotism: for large states 2) Despotism: for large states 3) Monarchies for moderate-sized states 3) Monarchies for moderate-sized states Believed that England’s monarchy had three branches: Believed that England’s monarchy had three branches: 1) Executive-the King 1) Executive-the King 2) Legislative-Parliament 2) Legislative-Parliament 3) Judicial-Law Courts 3) Judicial-Law Courts Gov’t had checks and balances Gov’t had checks and balances

4. Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract Wrote The Social Contract Argued that people adopted laws and society to protect their property Argued that people adopted laws and society to protect their property By doing so, he argued they had been enslaved by government By doing so, he argued they had been enslaved by government Contract between the rulers and the ruled Contract between the rulers and the ruled Also believed that emotion was as important as reason Also believed that emotion was as important as reason Believed women were naturally different from men and had different roles (cook, clean, etc) Believed women were naturally different from men and had different roles (cook, clean, etc)

5. Toward a New Science Philosophes used the scientific method to study society Philosophes used the scientific method to study society This created new fields of study such as economics and political science This created new fields of study such as economics and political science The founders of economics were the Physiocrats in France and Adam Smith in Scotland The founders of economics were the Physiocrats in France and Adam Smith in Scotland Physiocrats argued that government should not regulate the economy Physiocrats argued that government should not regulate the economy

Adam Smith Adam Smith Wrote The Wealth of Nations Wrote The Wealth of Nations said the state should not interfere with econ. said the state should not interfere with econ. Supply and demand regulate economy Supply and demand regulate economy Smith said that government only has 3 roles: Smith said that government only has 3 roles: 1) Protect society 1) Protect society 2) Keep up public works 2) Keep up public works 3) Defend from injustice 3) Defend from injustice

Punishments for crimes were extreme Punishments for crimes were extreme Thought it deters crime Thought it deters crime Cesare Beccaria in Crime and Punishment said that the law was hypocritical for punishing murder by committing murder (Execution) Cesare Beccaria in Crime and Punishment said that the law was hypocritical for punishing murder by committing murder (Execution)

6. John Locke Natural Rights Natural Rights Everyone born with Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Property Any gov’t takes these away, people have a right to rebel

7. Spread of Enlightenment In the 18 th century, more books are being published and more people are reading In the 18 th century, more books are being published and more people are reading Denis Diderot published a 28 volume encyclopedia Denis Diderot published a 28 volume encyclopedia This helped spread enlightenment ideas This helped spread enlightenment ideas Newspapers and magazines were also in publication Newspapers and magazines were also in publication Ideas also spread through Salons Ideas also spread through Salons -these were elegant rooms in wealthy people’s houses where people gathered to discuss ideas -these were elegant rooms in wealthy people’s houses where people gathered to discuss ideas

8. Women and the Enlightenment Women always hosted salon meetings Women always hosted salon meetings In this way they were put in the middle of intellectual discussion In this way they were put in the middle of intellectual discussion For centuries, male intellectuals thought that women were inferior to men For centuries, male intellectuals thought that women were inferior to men Female thinkers challenged this Female thinkers challenged this Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft She also argued that women have natural rights and should be equal She also argued that women have natural rights and should be equal All of these enlightenment ideas are going to spread to America and be used in creating our country All of these enlightenment ideas are going to spread to America and be used in creating our country