RELIGION Globalization vs Local Diversity Universalizing and Ethnic religions Distribution Origin Diffusion Space Conflict and regional distribution

Universalizing and Ethnic religions Universalizing Global Appeal to all people Widely dispersed Elements revolve around events of founder 62% Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Ethnic One group of people In one place Clustered Elements revolve around physical environment 24% Hinduism, Judaism

World Religions – 2010 est Christian 33.39% Roman Catholic 16.85% (global pop %) Protestant 6.15% Orthodox 3.96% Anglican 1.26% Muslim 22.74% Hindu 13.8% Buddhist 6.77% Sikh 0.35% * Jewish 0.22% Baha'i 0.11% other religions 10.95% non-religious 9.66%, atheists 2.01%

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS CHRISTAINITY 33% of global population 2 bil ppl Branches * Roman Catholic – 52% (of the 33%) * Protestant – 21% * Eastern Orthodox – 10% * Other – 22% * unaffiliated – 5%

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS CHRISTAINITY Where distributed: * Europe: RC (SW & E); Prot (NW); EO (E & SE) * Western Hem: 90% christian (US 79% - Protestant 51.3%, Roman Catholic 23.9%, Mormon 1.7%, other Christian 1.6%)

Rest of US Jewish 1.7%, Buddhist 0.7%, Muslim 0.6%, other or unspecified 2.5%, unaffiliated 12.1%, none 4%

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS Islam 20 % global population 1.3 bil ppl Branches * Sunni – 83% * Shiite – 16%

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS Islam Where distributed: * Middle East: from N. Africa to C. Asia * Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India * 30% of all Shiites live in Iran; 90% of Iranian pop is Shiite

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS Islam Where distributed: * Europe: 5% of pop; France 4 mil; Germany 3 mil; Albania, Bosnia, Serbia 2 mil each * US & Canada: 5 mil

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS Buddhism * 6% of global population 400 mil ppl China and Southeast Asia

UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS Buddhism Branches * Mahayanists: 56% - China, Japan, Korea * Theravadists: 38% -Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand * Tantrayanists: 6% - Tibet, Mongolia

Ethnic Religions Hinduism 13% of global population 860 mil ppl 3 rd largest world religion 97% of all Hindus in India; rest in Nepal – 80% of their population is Hindu

Ethnic Religions Judaism.2 % of global population 6 mil in US; 5 mil in Israel; 2 mil in Europe; 1 mil in Asia and Latin America each (contested by some) US – ¼ in NY Based on lands bordering E. Med Sea – Canaan, Palestine, Israel

Ethnic Religions Others Confucianism Daoism Shintoism Ethnic African

Origins Universalizing Precise places of origin Based on life of one man Specific hearth Ethnic Unclear origins Clustered One location

Origins Universalizing – based on life of one man (founder) Ethnic - unclear Christianity * 2000 yrs ago * Abraham (Sarah and Isaac) * Jesus * Asia - Middle East – Canaan - Palestine - Jerusalem

Origins Universalizing – based on life of one man (founder) Ethnic - unclear Islam * 1500 yrs ago * Abraham (Hagar and Ishmael) * Muhammad * Asia – Saudi Arabia – Makkah (Mecca) – Medina

Origins Universalizing – based on life of one man (founder) Ethnic - unclear Buddhism * 2500 yrs ago * Siddhartha Gautama * Asia - Nepal

Diffusion: Where and WHY Agents/Factors of diffusion * Relocation diffusion; expansion diffusion (hierarchical and contagious) Migration Isolation Domination/force - war Colonization imperialism Communications Interactions Immigration *** missionaries *** intermarriage

Diffusion: Where and WHY Universalizing * specific hearth to other locations * hearths based on lives of one individual (founder) * all three hearths in Asia Ethnic * remain clustered in one location

Diffusion: Where and WHY Christianity diffused through patterns of communication, interaction, and migration 1. Palestine (hearth) to…... Roman Empire (Western Europe) through relocation diffusion (migration of missionaries) and contagious diffusion (widespread diffusion through daily contact) 2. Western Roman Empire to……. Eastern Europe through hierarchical diffusion (acceptance by key emperors and conversion by kings)

Diffusion: Where and WHY 3. Rest of the world through migration and missionary activity 4. From Europe to…..Americas, Australia, New Zealand through colonization; permanent resettlement and intermarriage 5. Today…..globally to Africa

Diffusion: Where and WHY Christianity LA – RC b/c colonization by Spain and Portugal US and Canada – protestant b/c protestant English colonists US New England and Midwest – RC b/c immigrants from Ireland, Italy, E. Europe (RC) US Southwest – RC b/c immigrants from LA and Mexico US - Other denominations trace distribution to immigrations from Europe

Diffusion: Where and WHY Islam diffused through patterns of domination (war), migration, trade 1.Saudi Arabia (SW Asia) (hearth) to….. Palestine, Persian Empire, India (conquering armies and resulting intermarriage) 2. West to Northern Africa (conquering armies) and SE Europe and Turkey 3. East to sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia through Relocation diffusion (migration of missionaries and trade (Indonesia)

Diffusion: Where and WHY Buddhism slowly - from Northeastern India Asoka – 273 – 232 BC Sri Lanka – missionaries, then Kashmir, Himalayas, Burma, throughout India China – merchants through trade routes From China to Korea to Japan