New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres B.C.E.

New Civilizations Early China

Geography and Resources China is divided into 2 major geographical regions: China is divided into 2 major geographical regions: Steppe, desert, and high plateau west and northwest Steppe, desert, and high plateau west and northwest Eastern zone – which is better for agriculture Eastern zone – which is better for agriculture Eastern zone is separated into 2 areas: North and South Eastern zone is separated into 2 areas: North and South North includes Yellow River Valley, dry and cold North includes Yellow River Valley, dry and cold South includes Yangzi Valley, warm with lots of rain South includes Yangzi Valley, warm with lots of rain

Natural Resources Timber Timber Stone Stone Metals Metals Can grow millet in the north Can grow millet in the north Can grow rice in the south Can grow rice in the south Agriculture in these areas required lots of people to be successful Agriculture in these areas required lots of people to be successful

Shang Period From 1750 – 1027 B.C.E. From 1750 – 1027 B.C.E. Origins in the Yellow River Valley Origins in the Yellow River Valley Later expanded to include territory from Mongolia to Gansu and South to the Yangzi Valley. Later expanded to include territory from Mongolia to Gansu and South to the Yangzi Valley.

Shang Kings Shang kings ruled directly over core area and exercised indirect rule over peripheral areas. Shang kings ruled directly over core area and exercised indirect rule over peripheral areas. Carried out military campaigns against nomadic enemies Carried out military campaigns against nomadic enemies Engaged in far-flung commerce that may have included indirect trade with Mesopotamia. Engaged in far-flung commerce that may have included indirect trade with Mesopotamia.

Shang Religion Kings worship spirits of male ancestors. Kings worship spirits of male ancestors. Practiced divination and sacrifice Practiced divination and sacrifice Presented themselves as intermediaries between gods and human world. Presented themselves as intermediaries between gods and human world.

Shang Technology Bronze for weapons and ceremonial vessels Bronze for weapons and ceremonial vessels Horse-drawn chariot Horse-drawn chariot Water buffalo as draft animal Water buffalo as draft animal Civil engineering projects Civil engineering projects

Chinese Writing System Chinese characters developed during Shang period. Chinese characters developed during Shang period. Chinese writing system today is directly related to the Shang system. Chinese writing system today is directly related to the Shang system. Chief written remains of Shang Dynasty are oracle bones used in divination. Chief written remains of Shang Dynasty are oracle bones used in divination.

Shang Writing Systems

Zhou Period From 1027 – 221 B.C.E. From 1027 – 221 B.C.E. Dependent state of the Shang. Dependent state of the Shang. Defeated Shang in the eleventh century B.C.E. Defeated Shang in the eleventh century B.C.E. Invented concept of “Mandate of Heaven” in order to justify actions. Invented concept of “Mandate of Heaven” in order to justify actions. Zhou dynasty split into two periods: Zhou dynasty split into two periods: Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou

Religion and Government During this period, priestly power of the elite faded During this period, priestly power of the elite faded This resulted in the separation of religion and government This resulted in the separation of religion and government Zhou period saw development of many different and important secular philosophies. Zhou period saw development of many different and important secular philosophies.

Western Zhou Period Government From eleventh to ninth centuries B.C.E. From eleventh to ninth centuries B.C.E. Developed model of government that defined kingship in moral terms Developed model of government that defined kingship in moral terms Zhou exercised direct control over core territory and indirect control over peripheral areas. Zhou exercised direct control over core territory and indirect control over peripheral areas.

Eastern Zhou Period Decline in strength of the central government Decline in strength of the central government Regional elites ruled territories as independent states, often fighting with each other. Regional elites ruled territories as independent states, often fighting with each other. Eastern Zhou period divided further Eastern Zhou period divided further Spring and Autumn Period ( B.C.E.) Spring and Autumn Period ( B.C.E.) Warring States Period ( B.C.E.) Warring States Period ( B.C.E.)

Eastern Zhou Technology Constructed long walls for defense Constructed long walls for defense Iron and steel metallurgy Iron and steel metallurgy Horse riding Horse riding Development of influential political philosophies Development of influential political philosophies Legalism Legalism Confucianism Confucianism Daoism Daoism

Legalism Assumes that human nature is essentially wicked and selfish. Assumes that human nature is essentially wicked and selfish. People will only behave if they are ruled by strict laws and harsh punishments. People will only behave if they are ruled by strict laws and harsh punishments. Functioned as the ideological basis of various independent states as they expanded. Functioned as the ideological basis of various independent states as they expanded.

Confucianism Founded by Confucius Founded by Confucius Assumes that human nature is essentially good Assumes that human nature is essentially good Hierarchical view of universe, society, and family Hierarchical view of universe, society, and family Concerned with establishing moral foundations of government Concerned with establishing moral foundations of government Confucius was not influential in his time, but later became dominant political philosophy of imperial China. Confucius was not influential in his time, but later became dominant political philosophy of imperial China.

Daoism Founded by Laozi. Founded by Laozi. Assumes that universe is in constant flux Assumes that universe is in constant flux There are no absolute moral standards There are no absolute moral standards People should take the world as they find it People should take the world as they find it Developed into a complex system of popular and magical beliefs Developed into a complex system of popular and magical beliefs Offered the Chinese alternative between Legalism and Confucianism. Offered the Chinese alternative between Legalism and Confucianism.

Eastern Zhou Society Developed three-generation family Developed three-generation family Developed concept of private property, including privately owned land Developed concept of private property, including privately owned land Women were more firmly subordinated to the patriarchal hierarchy Women were more firmly subordinated to the patriarchal hierarchy Position justified by concepts of yin and yang. Position justified by concepts of yin and yang.

New Civilizations Nubia 3100 B.C.E. – 350 C.E.

Nubia Located in Nile valley from Aswan south to Khartoum Located in Nile valley from Aswan south to Khartoum Forms a link between tropical Africa and the Mediterranean world. Forms a link between tropical Africa and the Mediterranean world. Natural resources included: Natural resources included: Gold, semi-precious stones, copper. Gold, semi-precious stones, copper.

Development of Civilization Spurred by need for: Spurred by need for: Irrigated Agriculture Irrigated Agriculture Trade with Egypt Trade with Egypt Nubian and Egyptian culture developed through mutual influence and borrowing. Nubian and Egyptian culture developed through mutual influence and borrowing.

Trade and Occupation Early Nubia carried out trade with Old Kingdom Egypt Early Nubia carried out trade with Old Kingdom Egypt Northern part of Nubia was occupied by Egypt during Middle Kingdom period Northern part of Nubia was occupied by Egypt during Middle Kingdom period

Kingdom of Kush Kingdom of Kush developed in southern part of Nubia by 1750 B.C.E. Kingdom of Kush developed in southern part of Nubia by 1750 B.C.E. Kush noted from metalworking and construction Kush noted from metalworking and construction Egypt invaded Kush during New Kingdom period. Egypt invaded Kush during New Kingdom period. Resulted in Egyptian occupation that exploited Nubian laborers Resulted in Egyptian occupation that exploited Nubian laborers

Kushite Pyramids

Kingdom of Meroë 800 B.C.E.-350 C.E. 800 B.C.E.-350 C.E. This kingdom ruled Egypt as the 25 th Dynasty. This kingdom ruled Egypt as the 25 th Dynasty. Nubian Kingdom had a capital at Napata. Nubian Kingdom had a capital at Napata. Napata period characterized by Egyptian cultural influence. Napata period characterized by Egyptian cultural influence. In 4 th century, moved capital to Meroë. In 4 th century, moved capital to Meroë. Better for agriculture and trade Better for agriculture and trade

Meroë Ruling dynasty of Meroë practiced a matrilineal family system Ruling dynasty of Meroë practiced a matrilineal family system Queens were very influential Queens were very influential Dominated trade routes Dominated trade routes Used reservoirs to catch rainfall Used reservoirs to catch rainfall Became important center for iron smelting Became important center for iron smelting

Decline of Meroë Shift in trade routes Shift in trade routes Rise of kingdom of Aksum Rise of kingdom of Aksum Depredations of camel-riding nomads Depredations of camel-riding nomads

First Civilizations of the Americas The Olmec and Chavin B.C.E.

Mesoamerican Olmecs B.C.E B.C.E. Most important Mesoamerican preclassic civilization Most important Mesoamerican preclassic civilization Major centers of civilization were located along the coast of Mexico Major centers of civilization were located along the coast of Mexico Political structure built around kingship Political structure built around kingship Power rested on control of commodities and religion Power rested on control of commodities and religion

Map of Olmec Territory

A Moving Capital Center of early civilization was San Lorenzo. Center of early civilization was San Lorenzo. Surpassed by La Venta around 900 B.C.E. Surpassed by La Venta around 900 B.C.E. Gave way to Tres Zapotes around 600 B.C.E. Gave way to Tres Zapotes around 600 B.C.E. Large earthen mounds dominated urban centers Large earthen mounds dominated urban centers

Olmec Technology Used raised fields to create agricultural surpluses Used raised fields to create agricultural surpluses Olmec architecture was very advanced with so little technology Olmec architecture was very advanced with so little technology Simple machines only Simple machines only Olmec played a role in early development of writing and astronomy Olmec played a role in early development of writing and astronomy

Olmec Sculpture

Chavín First major urban civilization in South America First major urban civilization in South America Politically and economically dominant between 900 and 250 B.C.E. Politically and economically dominant between 900 and 250 B.C.E. Had military strength and religious appeal Had military strength and religious appeal Used clan-based system of labor Used clan-based system of labor Warfare led to fall of Chavín around 200 B.C.E. Warfare led to fall of Chavín around 200 B.C.E.

Chavín Art