Researching the Literature

Outline  Scholarly literature and the research process |Activity Research Article vs Review Article Research Article Format  Search Tool |Activity Develop a search - PICO Hands-on with Pubmed  Citing

Learning Outcomes  You will be able to: |Identify primary, secondary and tertiary literature |Distinguish between research and review articles |Recognize and evaluate the information from the different sections of a research article |Create a search strategy based on the PICO framework |Search for information using Pubmed

The Scientific Method  Question  Research  Hypothesis  Experiment  Conclusion  Report Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Report Question Research

Popular Sources News Articles Blog Entries Scientific Information Timeline Primary Sources Research Articles Secondary Sources Books/eBooks Review Articles Tertiary Sources Encyclopedia Entries Dictionary Entries Grey Sources Government Publications Organization Publications Theses

Popular Sources News Articles Blog Entries Primary Sources Research Articles Secondary Sources Books/eBooks Review Articles Tertiary Sources Encyclopedia Entries Dictionary Entries Grey Sources Government Publications Organization Publications Theses Scientific Information Timeline

Peer-review Process

 A panel of experts in a field evaluate an article’s quality, validity, and relevance in its field  An article can be |Accepted |Require revisions |Rejected  Manuscript submissions and decisions Manuscript submissions and decisions

IMRaD Format

Usually involves several consistent sections: Introduction - outlining the purpose of the research, including a short summary of past research in the area Methods - explaining the experimental procedure Results - relaying and analyzing the experimental data Discussion - explaining trends found in analysis, potential sources of error, and further directions in the area Theoretical and modelling papers may not have these sections

Research or Review?  doi: /bmjopen /bmjopen  doi: /ped /ped  doi: /scientificamerican /scientificamerican  doi: /tobaccocontrol /tobaccocontrol  doi: /jama /jama doi: /scientificamerican0816-9

PubMed

Activity 1 – PubMed Interface Research vs Review  Working in pairs, discuss and decide whether each article is a research or review article (10min)  List of articles in Pubmed  We will discuss as a group (10min)

Activity 2 – IMRaD Information Analysis  Read the section of the article you have been given  Working in groups of 2-3, try to answer as many of the questions as possible from the section of the article you have. (10min)  Form a group of 4 with the rest of the sections of your paper. Discuss which section provided answers to which questions. (10min)  We will discuss as a group. (10min)

Reading strategies Novice  Title  Abstract  Discussion/Conclusion  Introduction  Results  References  Methods Expert  Title  Abstract  Results –table/graphs  Discussion/Conclusion  References  Introduction  Methods

Search – an iterative process  Write your topic out as a sentence or question  Identify the main ideas (concepts)  Think of synonyms for each concept (search terms)  Use the search terms to build a search strategy  Find and evaluate the results  Repeat the search with new search terms that you discover

Identifying the Concepts - PICO  PICO – framework to help create a search |Population/Patient |Intervention/Issue |Comparison |Outcome

PICO Population/Patient  Age  Disease  Sex  Race Intervention/Issue/Action  Treatment  Program Comparison  No treatment  Different treatment/program Outcome  Mortality  Symptoms improvement  Prevention  Uptake

Question  Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?

Question  Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?  P  I  C  O

Question  Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?  P - youth  I  C  O

Question  Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?  P - youth  I - advertising e-cigarettes  C  O

Question  Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?  P - youth  I - advertising e-cigarettes  C - no advertising  O

Question  Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?  P - youth  I - advertising e-cigarettes  C - no advertising  O - start smoking

Synonyms PICO youthe-cigaretteadvertisingno advertising smoking ??

Synonyms PICO youthe-cigaretteadvertisingno advertising smoking adolescente-cigarettes teenselectronic cigarettes teenager teenagers

Search Tips  Phrase searching |Quotations - “electronic cigarettes”  Truncation |Asterisk (sometimes other symbol) – teen*  Boolean operators |AND Many databases don’t need AND, it is assumed The more terms you AND together, the fewer results you find |OR Used to combine synonyms The more terms you OR together, the more results you find Use brackets when using synonyms with OR

Synonyms with Boolean Operators AND OR AND OR PICO youthe-cigaretteadvertisingno advertising smoking adolescente-cigarettes teenselectronic cigarettes teenager teenagers OR

Synonyms with Truncation PICO youthe-cigarette*advertisingsmok* adolescentelectronic cigarettes teen* AND OR AND OR

Synonyms with Phrase Searching PICO youthe-cigarette*advertisingsmok* adolescent“electronic cigarettes” teen* AND OR AND OR

Search String (Youth OR adolescent OR teen*) AND (e-cigarette* OR “electronic cigarettes”) AND (advertising) AND (smok*)

Activity 3 – PICO Questions  Do fall prevention programs help prevent seniors from falling?  Which is more effective at preventing nausea in cancer patients: ondansetron or granisetron?  How is the gene Nlrp1b connected with diabetes?

Activity 4 - PubMed Searching  PubMed |Go to the library homepage |Go to the database link underneath the large search box |Click on the letter P |Scroll to the bottom of the page, select Pubmed from the listPubmed  What is the relationship between food security and obesity?

Why Cite ? Citation in the Sciences

Citation “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulder of giants” Isaac Newton

Citation Element Example PMID:

Library Workshop Assignment  Research Question: Does vaccination during pregnancy reduce the incidence of whooping cough? |Identify the PICO terms in the above question |Find two sources that answer the above question One research article (primary) One review article (secondary) |Write out the citation elements for each of the articles |Write a reflection on identifying and evaluating the articles |Write a reflection on searching for the articles  guides/hlth guides/hlth2001

Library Research Help HELP Health Subject Guide HLTH2001 Course Guide QUESTIONS? Visit the library Call Research Help Desk x2735