NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES

Focus Questions 1.Why did Chesapeake planters shift from using indentured savants as laborers to black slaves? 2.In what ways did the middle colonies differ from other English colonial regions? 3.How did the French and Spanish colonies in mainland North America differ from those of England?

Breaking Away Rapid social change in seventeenth- century England Rapid social change in seventeenth- century England English population mobile English population mobile Different motives for migration Different motives for migration religious versus economic religious versus economic personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty

The Stuart Monarchs

Four Colonial Subcultures The Chesapeake The Chesapeake New England New England Middle Colonies Middle Colonies The Carolinas The Carolinas

The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English colonies Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English colonies Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World

Chesapeake Colonies, 1640

Entrepreneurs in Virginia Joint-stock companies provide financing for English settlements Joint-stock companies provide financing for English settlements English stockholders in Virginia Company expect instant profits English stockholders in Virginia Company expect instant profits Jamestown settled 1607 as a Corporate Colony. Jamestown settled 1607 as a Corporate Colony.

Early Mistakes The Virginia Company of London will establish a permanent settle in Jamestown in The Virginia Company of London will establish a permanent settle in Jamestown in Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Competition from expansive Powhattans Competition from expansive Powhattans Colonists do not work for common good Colonists do not work for common good Original settlers included too few farmers and artisans and too many “gentlemen” Original settlers included too few farmers and artisans and too many “gentlemen”

Spinning Out of Control John Smith imposes order John Smith imposes order “Starving Time” ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers “Starving Time” ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers Continual replenishment and immigration will help the colony survive Continual replenishment and immigration will help the colony survive

Success John Rolfe introduces tobacco John Rolfe introduces tobacco “Headrights” instituted to encourage development of tobacco plantations “Headrights” instituted to encourage development of tobacco plantations Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Allows development of huge estates Allows development of huge estates Survival rates in the Chesapeake region will remain low and population growth will be slow Survival rates in the Chesapeake region will remain low and population growth will be slow House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government

Tobacco Although not always profitable, tobacco will become the cash crop of the Chesapeake Although not always profitable, tobacco will become the cash crop of the Chesapeake It was a labor intensive crop that had high labor demand. It was a labor intensive crop that had high labor demand. Indentured Servants, 80% men, will fill these jobs, but will eventually replaced by Slaves. Indentured Servants, 80% men, will fill these jobs, but will eventually replaced by Slaves.

Conflict With the Natives Conflict with Powhattans Conflict with Powhattans 1622—natives attempt to drive out English1622—natives attempt to drive out English 1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed

1619 First Africans arrive a Indentured Servants First Africans arrive a Indentured Servants First Women arrive to auctioned off as wives First Women arrive to auctioned off as wives

From Corporate to Royal King James I dissolves London Company King James I dissolves London Company Virginia becomes a royal colony Virginia becomes a royal colony House of Burgesses continues to meet House of Burgesses continues to meet

Religion Religion will be an important factor for the people Virginia. Religion will be an important factor for the people Virginia. Most will be Anglican Most will be Anglican Tax payers were obligated to pay fix rates to the church. Tax payers were obligated to pay fix rates to the church.

Bacon’s Rebellion / Class Conflict Farmers in the Backcountry feel that the government in the east is not protecting them from the natives and complained about lack of representation in the government. Westerners versus Easterners Westerners versus Easterners Poor versus Wealthy Poor versus Wealthy Nathaniel Bacon becomes their leader (1676) and declares war on both the natives and East Virginians. Rebellion loses moments/ends when Bacon dies.

Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics. Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics. Maryland is a proprietary colony Maryland is a proprietary colony Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants The Toleration Act of 1649 only protected Christians. The Toleration Act of 1649 only protected Christians.

Maryland Protestants outnumber Catholics and eventually refuse to tolerate Catholics Protestants outnumber Catholics and eventually refuse to tolerate Catholics Protestants seize control in 1655 Protestants seize control in 1655 Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters

Plymouth Rock 1620 Charter granted by the Virginia Company of London Charter granted by the Virginia Company of London Pilgrims (migrating puritans) Pilgrims (migrating puritans) Made up of 35 Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, along with 67 strangers fled Made up of 35 Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England, along with 67 strangers fled Escape persecution in Holland Escape persecution in Holland Plymouth founded Plymouth founded Plymouth a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent Plymouth a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent

Plymouth Rock 1620 Signed the Mayflower Compact creating a “civil body politic” Signed the Mayflower Compact creating a “civil body politic” The colonists survive with the help of Squanto and Samoset The colonists survive with the help of Squanto and Samoset They taught them how to grow corn using fish as a fertilizer They taught them how to grow corn using fish as a fertilizer They celebrated their first harvest with a feast “Thanksgiving) They celebrated their first harvest with a feast “Thanksgiving) Friendly relationships with the natives did not last too long however Friendly relationships with the natives did not last too long however

Plymouth Plantation Friendly relationships with the natives did not last too long however Friendly relationships with the natives did not last too long however They chose William Bradford to be their governor They chose William Bradford to be their governor Plymouth becomes economically self- sufficient Plymouth becomes economically self- sufficient absorbed into Massachusetts Bay absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

“The Great Migration, 1630s” Puritans Puritans Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic past Wish to remain within the Church of England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic past Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal Rule Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal Rule John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings Company Charter John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings Company Charter

“A City on a Hill” ,000 immigrated ,000 immigrated Settlers usually came as family units Settlers usually came as family units Area generally healthy Area generally healthy Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of the community Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of the community

“A City on a Hill” (2) Puritans establish Congregationalism Puritans establish Congregationalism a state-supported ecclesiastical system in which each congregation is independently governed by local church members a state-supported ecclesiastical system in which each congregation is independently governed by local church members Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church members Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church members Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes

“A City on a Hill” (3) Local, town governments autonomous Local, town governments autonomous Most participated in public life at town level Most participated in public life at town level Townships commercial properties, shares of which could be bought and sold Townships commercial properties, shares of which could be bought and sold Village life intensely communal Village life intensely communal Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect rights, ensure civil order Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect rights, ensure civil order

Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams An extreme Separatist An extreme Separatist Questioned the validity of the colony’s charter Questioned the validity of the colony’s charter Champions religions toleration or “liberty of conscience” Champions religions toleration or “liberty of conscience” Champions separation of Church and State. He felt that the state would corrupt the church Champions separation of Church and State. He felt that the state would corrupt the church Williams expelled to providence Rhode Island, 1636 Williams expelled to providence Rhode Island, 1636 Rhode Island was the only New England colony to practice religious toleration Rhode Island was the only New England colony to practice religious toleration

Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spirit Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spirit Openly challenged the authority of the clergy. Openly challenged the authority of the clergy. Charged that Congregational ministers preached a “covenant of works” Charged that Congregational ministers preached a “covenant of works” Claimed that women should be more active in religious affairs Claimed that women should be more active in religious affairs Banished to Rhode Island by General Court Banished to Rhode Island by General Court

Mobility and Division New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth century New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth century Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusetts Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusetts Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut

New England v. Chesapeake New England offered a sharp contrast to the Chesapeake colonies in their religious foundations, economies, and social structure. New England offered a sharp contrast to the Chesapeake colonies in their religious foundations, economies, and social structure. New Englanders established a healthier, more stable colonial region than in the Chesapeake New Englanders established a healthier, more stable colonial region than in the Chesapeake In New England, political participation was broader than in the Chesapeake, church members instead of property owners. In New England, political participation was broader than in the Chesapeake, church members instead of property owners.

New England Colonies, 1650

Diversity in the Middle Colonies New York New York New Jersey New Jersey Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Delaware Delaware

Middle Colonies, 1685

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson Location: Hudson River Location: Hudson River New Netherlands originally property of Dutch West Indies Company New Netherlands originally property of Dutch West Indies Company Population included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, as well as Dutch Population included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, as well as Dutch English fleet captured colony English fleet captured colony

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson (2) New York made personal property of James, Duke of York New York made personal property of James, Duke of York Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and various islands Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and various islands Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level James derived little profit from the colony. James derived little profit from the colony.

Confusion in New Jersey Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret Settlers refuse to pay rents Settlers refuse to pay rents grounds: New York governor had promised representative assembly grounds: New York governor had promised representative assembly Berkeley splits colony by selling out to Quaker group Berkeley splits colony by selling out to Quaker group

Confusion in New Jersey (2) West Jersey becomes Quakers’ colony West Jersey becomes Quakers’ colony Democratic system of government introduced Democratic system of government introduced Diverse, contentious Diverse, contentious Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by the crown in 1702 Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by the crown in 1702

Quakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers “Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord” “Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord” Members call sect “Society of Friends” Members call sect “Society of Friends”

Quaker Belief and Practice Founder: George Fox ( ) Founder: George Fox ( ) Believed in “Inner Light” Believed in “Inner Light” Rejected idea of original sin, predestination Rejected idea of original sin, predestination Each may communicate directly with God Each may communicate directly with God Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light Persecuted as dangerous anarchists Persecuted as dangerous anarchists

Penn's "Holy Experiment" Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania "Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker principles "Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker principles Promotes religious toleration Promotes religious toleration Protects rights of property-less Protects rights of property-less

Settling Pennsylvania Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany Quaker population racked by contention Quaker population racked by contention Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s ideals Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s ideals Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delaware Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delaware

Planting the Carolinas Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake Diversity of settlers, environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake Diversity of settlers, environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake

Proprietors of the Carolinas Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty Tried to recruit settlers from established American colonies Tried to recruit settlers from established American colonies they were not easily persuadedthey were not easily persuaded Few inhabitants in first years Few inhabitants in first years

The Barbadian Connection Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages settlement by planters from Barbados Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages settlement by planters from Barbados Barbadians settle around Charleston Barbadians settle around Charleston “Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” drawn up by John Locke “Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” drawn up by John Locke Barbadians reject Fundamental Constitutions for greater self-government Barbadians reject Fundamental Constitutions for greater self-government French Huguenot settlers oppose French Huguenot settlers oppose Strife prompts Crown to take over, divide Carolina Strife prompts Crown to take over, divide Carolina

Founding of Georgia Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England By 1751 a small slave colony By 1751 a small slave colony

The Carolinas and Georgia

Living with Diversity All colonies faced early struggle to survive All colonies faced early struggle to survive Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct people Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct people