Random sentences from Lecture 2 reflections ”Lecture provided plenty of new ideas for design-oriented structural engineer” ”Early state cooperating can decrease the costs and shorten the timetable” ”Good table about differences between architects and engineers” ”How to ensure a real implementation of these procedures?” “TVD can be combined to Sustainable Target Value (STV)”

Rak Management of Lifecycles of Buildings CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF BUILDINGS Assistant Professor Antti Peltokorpi

Changes in the order of lecture topics TimeTopicTeacherMaterial Thu Introduction to the course Antti Peltokorpi Slides Thu Target value design Antti Peltokorpi Pre-readings and slides Thu Carbon footprint assessment of buildings Antti Peltokorpi Pre-readings and slides Thu Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis of buildings Antti Peltokorpi Pre-readings and slides Thu no lecture, time for group assignment Thu Cost estimation methods Antti Peltokorpi Pre-readings and slides Thu no lecture, time for group assignment Thu Energy consumption calculations of buildings Antti Peltokorpi Pre-readings and slides Thu Group assignment I presentations Thu Group assignment II presentations New schedule

Learning outcomes Understand the purpose and principles of carbon footprint assessment Identify main steps and methods to calculate carbot footprint of buildings and building systems 1.Process method 2.Input-Output method After assignment you will be able to apply input-output method

Background Environmental degradation Ecological footprint Strategy to stop every possible emission that is harming our shared environment A carbon footprint defines the total sets of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by organizations, events, products, individuals or regions Carbon footprint: Sum of all emissions of carbon dioxide, which were induced by all activities in a given time frame

Carbon footprint assessment One of a family of footprint indicators (others: water footprint, land footprint) Measure direct emissions of gases that cause climate change into the atmosphere Individual / household / industry / product / region CO2 emissions are around 80 % of the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone CO2 enters the atmosphere through Burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) Solid waste Trees and wood products As a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement) CO2 is removed from the atmosphere when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle

Carbon dioxide cycle

Origin of carbon footprint assessment Concept name was developed in the 1990s (ecological footprint) ”Number of earths”

Carbon footprint contributed by buildings Purpose is to find out how much carbon dioxide emissions building produces during it’s lifespan Buildings alone are responsible for 38% of all human Greenhouse Gas emissions (20% residential, 18% commercial) Important to identify the sources of these emissions and understand their relations to the construction phase and essential in climate change mitigation

Purpose of carbon footprint assessment of buildings Makes the choice easy for ideal structures Helps reduce the emissions of buildings by quantifying it Can be used as a design goal or criteria Helps to improve the lifecycle efficiency, design goals and setting the lifecycle requirement for the structures

How to define system boundaries in the assessments?

Methods, processes, tools Life cycle assessment (LCA) methods 1.Process LCA 2.Input-output LCA (IO LCA) Two phases: Construction phase Use phase

Process model to analyze carbon footprint A bottom up approach Takes into account all processes in the product life cycle, from production to disposal of the product  accuracy Requires detailed information on the entire life cycle of the product  expensive in terms of time and computation Data required is often not available Supplier not wanting to divulge information on their production processes Manual process and can take days per product

Process model - Croissant example Guide to PAS 2050 How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services. Available at: horticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/hall/publications/PAS2050_Guide.pdf

Croissant example – 1/5 Step I – Building a process map 1.Define the functional unit the appropriate functional unit is driven by how the product is typically consumed (e.g. one 100 g croissant or tonne of croissants) 2.List the ingredients and proportions Flour (wheat) – 60% Water – 20% Butter – 15% Other (e.g. yeast) – 5% Packaging material (film and secondary packaging)

Croissant example – 2/5 3.List the activities involved in producing and consuming croissants Produce and transport raw materials -Grow and transport wheat; mill into flour -Supply water -Produce milk; manufacture butter -Produce other ingredients -Produce film packaging Manufacture and package croissants Distribute finished product Retail Use (eat) Dispose of waste 4.Reflect on what might have been missed

Process model to analyze carbon footprint of recycled paper

Croissant example – 3/5 Step II – Checking boundaries and prioritisation Which life cycle stages, inputs and outputs should be included in the assessment What not to include: Immaterial emissions sources (less than 1% of total footprint) water supply, storage and retail Human inputs to processes Transport of consumers to retail outlets Animals providing transport

Croissant example – 4/5 Step III – Collecting data Two types of data are necessary to calculate a carbon footprint: Activity data Emission factors Activity data refers to all the material and energy amounts involved in the product’s life cycle (material inputs and outputs, energy used, transport, etc.) Emission factors provide the link that converts these quantities into the resulting GHG emissions: the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per ‘unit’ of activity data (e.g. kg GHGs per kg input or per kWh energy used).

Croissant example – 5/5 Step IV –Calculating the footprint Carbon footprint of a given activity = Activity data (mass/volume/kWh/km) × Emission factor (CO2e per unit) Simple Flour transport example: Emissions = 1 kg / km Distance = 200 km Emissions per trip = 200 kg X Tonnes flour per trip = 20 Tonnes flour per tonne croissants = 0.7 Emissions per tonne flour = 10 kg ÷ Emissions per tonne croissants = 7 kg X

Croissant example – Results

Raw Material Production and Transport Product Production and Transport Construction Phase Use, Maintenace,Repair and Operational Phases Demolition and Waste Processing and Disposal Phases Estimation Phases in Buildings

STANDARD MATERIAL EMISSIONS

Input-Output model to analyze carbon footprint A top down approach Use of carbon intensities, measured in kilograms of carbon dioxide per money spent, to assign footprint to a product based on the price of the product The method uses information about industry transactions Purchases of materials by one industry from other industries Information about direct environmental emissions of industries The model is based on sector averages Cannot handle any product specific data

Allocation of emissions to products through financial transactions between industries

The Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) method

Estimation Tool

Example: 70,000 m2 residential development area Heinonen et al. (2011) A Longitudinal Study on the Carbon Emissions of a New Residential Development, Sustainability 2011, 3(8), ; doi: /su

Input data & more results

Green Feature Manufacturing ProcessBuilding operationsWaste Management Waste reduction Pollution Prevention Recycled materials Embodied Energy Reduction Natural Materials Energy Efficiency Water Treatment & Conservation Nontoxic Renewable Energy Source Longer Life Biodegradable Recyclable Reusable Others Methods to reduce carbon footprint

Strategies adopted to reduce GHG emissions during construction Reduce quantity of materials used Select materials with low emissions factors associated e.g. recycled materials Select materials suppliers as close as possible from the construction site Divert demolition wastes to recycling instead of landfills or incineration

Strategies adopted to reduce GHG emissions during operations Reduce energy consumption Switch to renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources include Solar Wind Low-impact hydro (Biofuels) Geothermal Wave and tidal

A building is considered “green” when it saves resources and money. In addition it protects human health and the environment, and creates a healthy living space. A green building is one which is more efficient, economical, healthy and environmentally friendly. To become green, a building needs to use materials and resources that are of recyclable content, it maximizes the use of renewable energy, it conserves water and creates a healthy indoor air quality. Methods to reduce carbon footprint - Green building

More examples Study of the pilot office building – Focused on building materials

Examples

Examples: Material emissions

DiaVilla, Pori Finland Engineering Pavilion, Pert Australia Innovation Park, Ganjingzi District, China PROCEDURE 1.Product phase 2.Construction phase 3.Use 4.Maintenance 5.Replacement 6.Operational energy/ water use 1.Supply of Construction materials 2.Construction phase 3.Use phase 1.Building material production 2.Construction phase 3.Operation phase 4.Demolition METHOD Not available Investigation and obtain of the inventory Steps in the assessment: (i)calculation of total gases produced; and (ii)calculation of CO 2 - equivalent. Collecting data from site measurements literature Using different parameter values and sources to calculate TOOL Not applicable  Computer software  Database Literature TOTAL OUTCOME tonnes of CO 2 -e tonnes of CO 2 -e tonnes of CO 2 -e EMISSIONS OF 1 M kg/ m kg/ m kg/ m 2 SIMILARITIES Operation phase – Concrete materials Comparison between Countries and Approaches

Example from China

Example from Finland EN assessment method Construction phase: estimation Use phase: refrigerants excluded Repair and refurbishment excluded Life-cycle phase CO 2 emissions (Metric tons) A1-A3Product phase741 A4-A5Construction phase62 ATotal before use phase803 B1B1 Use-41 B2B2 Maintenance23 B3B3 Repair– B4B4 Replacement50 B5B5 Refurbishment– B6B6 Operational energy use4 610 B7B7 Operational water use90 BB Total, use phase4 730 C1-C4 C1-C4 Total, end-of-life phase 64 A-CA-C Total, life-cycle5 600 DD Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary -243

Summary of the lecture Role of build environment in producing and reducing GHG emissions Role of operation / use phase as source for emissions in built environment Calculation methods: 1.Process method 2.Input-output method

Further readings Säynäjoki, A. (2014) How Does the Construction of a Residential Area Contribute to Climate Change? Doctoral diessertation, Aalto University publication series. Barnett, R. W. Barraclough, V. Becerra, S. Nasuto. A comparison of methods for calculating the carbon footprint of a product. Available at: per_2012.pdf per_2012.pdf Guide to PAS 2050 How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services. Available at: horticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/hall/publications/PAS2050_Guide.pdfhttp://aggie- horticulture.tamu.edu/faculty/hall/publications/PAS2050_Guide.pdf