A New China

The White Terror In the Spring of 1927, Jiang broke his alliance with the Communists and attacked them in Shanghai. Thousands were killed in Shanghai, Wuhan, and Hunan as the right wing of the GMD attacked Union members, Communists, and peasant associations. The roots of the Civil War were set. In the Spring of 1927, Jiang broke his alliance with the Communists and attacked them in Shanghai. Thousands were killed in Shanghai, Wuhan, and Hunan as the right wing of the GMD attacked Union members, Communists, and peasant associations. The roots of the Civil War were set.

The CPC encouraged Mao to mount a peasant insurrection against the GMD in Hunan, but the task was too much. He retreated (eventually) to Jiangxi where he developed his aims for a peasant-based revolution. By 1931, Mao had set himself up as an independent force with peasant mass support, a secure base, and a strong military force using guerilla tactics against the GMD. The CPC encouraged Mao to mount a peasant insurrection against the GMD in Hunan, but the task was too much. He retreated (eventually) to Jiangxi where he developed his aims for a peasant-based revolution. By 1931, Mao had set himself up as an independent force with peasant mass support, a secure base, and a strong military force using guerilla tactics against the GMD.

Mao’s 1928 Land Law Confiscate all land, and turn ownership over to the soviet (worker’s) government, which should use the following three methods to redistribute it: Confiscate all land, and turn ownership over to the soviet (worker’s) government, which should use the following three methods to redistribute it:

1) Distribution to the peasants for them to cultivate individually. 1) Distribution to the peasants for them to cultivate individually. 2) Distribution to the peasants for them to cultivate in common. 2) Distribution to the peasants for them to cultivate in common. 3) Organization by the soviet government of model farms to cultivate the land. 3) Organization by the soviet government of model farms to cultivate the land. Of the above three methods, the first is to be the primary one. Under special circumstances, or when the soviet government is strong, the second and third methods may also be employed Of the above three methods, the first is to be the primary one. Under special circumstances, or when the soviet government is strong, the second and third methods may also be employed Source E P.149

The Long March The Long March (October 1934 – October 1935) was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Guomindang (GMD or Chinese Nationalist Party) army. There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. The best known is the march from Jiangxi province which began in October 1934

The Communists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometers (5600 miles) over 370 days.

The Long March began Mao's ascent to power, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party. The bitter struggles of the Long March, which was completed by only about one-tenth of the force that left Jiangxi, would come to represent a significant episode in the history of the Communist Party of China, and would seal the personal prestige of Mao and his supporters as the new leaders of the party in the following decades.

Zunyi Conference By the time the Red Army occupied Zunyi, it was highly depleted, and counted little more than 10,000 men. The Communists' Zunyi Conference lasted from January 15–17, 1935, and resulted in a reshuffling of the Party politburo. Zhou Enlai blamed the Red Army's failures on poor decisions at the leadership level, and blamed himself as one of the three people most responsible.

Mao gave a speech in which he analyzed the poor tactics and strategies of the two leaders. With Zhou's explicit backing, Mao won over the meeting.

The Long March P.151 The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Jiang Jieshi and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue, obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200 million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.

Without the Long March, how could the broad masses have learned so quickly about the existence of the great truth which the Red Army embodies? The Long March is also a seeding- machine. In the 11 provinces it has sown many seeds which will sprout, leaf, blossom and bear fruit, and will yield a harvest in the future. Chairman Mao, December 27th, 1935

The Sino-Japanese War By 1938, the entire eastern seaboard of China was under Japanese control. Jiang had moved the GMD government to Chongqing. Despite frequent air attacks, Chongqing did not fall. Japan had yet to destroy the Nationalist govt. The war was a stalemate until U.S. entry into WWII. Jiang seemed content to let the U.S. win the war for the GMD. By 1938, the entire eastern seaboard of China was under Japanese control. Jiang had moved the GMD government to Chongqing. Despite frequent air attacks, Chongqing did not fall. Japan had yet to destroy the Nationalist govt. The war was a stalemate until U.S. entry into WWII. Jiang seemed content to let the U.S. win the war for the GMD.

1937 bombing of Shanghai

By 1939, Jiang had decided to break his alliance with the Communists and ordered his troops to attack them. “The Japanese are a disease of the skin, but the communists are a disease of the heart.” In 1941, the GMD tried to annihilate Communist armies in the south when he withdrew all financial support to Mao. He was widely criticized for this move.

The GMD army was riddled with corruption. Soldiers were not receiving food and supplies. Jiang ordered conscription (drafting of soldiers) but this fell heavily on the peasants who turned to the CPC. In the countryside, Jiang was losing popular support. The Sino-Japanese War ended abruptly when the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan. The GMD army was riddled with corruption. Soldiers were not receiving food and supplies. Jiang ordered conscription (drafting of soldiers) but this fell heavily on the peasants who turned to the CPC. In the countryside, Jiang was losing popular support. The Sino-Japanese War ended abruptly when the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan.

Resumption of the Civil War A truce between Jiang and Mao ended in July 1946, when fighting resumed. GMD forces outnumbered CPC forces 4:1, but the Communists had control of the North and continued to effectively use guerilla tactics against the GMD. One of the reasons for the Communist victory was that they captured large amounts of weapons left behind by deserting GMD troops. A truce between Jiang and Mao ended in July 1946, when fighting resumed. GMD forces outnumbered CPC forces 4:1, but the Communists had control of the North and continued to effectively use guerilla tactics against the GMD. One of the reasons for the Communist victory was that they captured large amounts of weapons left behind by deserting GMD troops.

Realizing that defeat was inevitable, Jiang resigned the presidency on Jan. 21 st, 1949 and started to prepare for the transfer of his government to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Realizing that defeat was inevitable, Jiang resigned the presidency on Jan. 21 st, 1949 and started to prepare for the transfer of his government to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China.

A new home for Jiang

Minimizing the opposition Peasants were encouraged to confront their former landlords in “struggle meetings”. More than five million landlords may have perished during this time. This potentially solved two problems: The peasants were given land that was promised them and the agrarian elite was no longer in a position to oppose Mao. Peasants were encouraged to confront their former landlords in “struggle meetings”. More than five million landlords may have perished during this time. This potentially solved two problems: The peasants were given land that was promised them and the agrarian elite was no longer in a position to oppose Mao.

The Antis’ Three Antis’: Designed to go after the evils of waste, corruption, and bureaucracy, it was directed against party members, government officials, and business owners. Three Antis’: Designed to go after the evils of waste, corruption, and bureaucracy, it was directed against party members, government officials, and business owners. The Five Antis’: Targeted cheating on govt. contracts, stealing state economic information, tax evasion, theft of state property, and bribery. Employees in private businesses were encouraged to denounce their bosses. The Five Antis’: Targeted cheating on govt. contracts, stealing state economic information, tax evasion, theft of state property, and bribery. Employees in private businesses were encouraged to denounce their bosses.

The period of officially designated "transition to socialism" corresponded to China's First Five- Year Plan ( ). The period was characterized by efforts to achieve industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and political centralization. The period of officially designated "transition to socialism" corresponded to China's First Five- Year Plan ( ). The period was characterized by efforts to achieve industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and political centralization.

The First Five-Year Plan stressed the development of heavy industry on the Soviet model. For the purpose of economic planning, the first modern census was taken in 1953; the population of mainland China was shown to be 583 million, a figure far greater than had been anticipated. The First Five-Year Plan stressed the development of heavy industry on the Soviet model. For the purpose of economic planning, the first modern census was taken in 1953; the population of mainland China was shown to be 583 million, a figure far greater than had been anticipated.

Phases of Land Reform Phase 1: Introduction of Mutual Aid Teams of between 3-30 persons, whereby small groups of peasants would work together on a small piece of land. Phase 2: Near the end of 1954, Mutual Aid Teams were merged into larger cooperatives. Theoretically, individual ownership was still retained, but land would be pooled as well.

Phase 3:Collectivization Under the new plan (1956), there was no more private property, and food output was totally under the control of the government. The govt. decided how much peasants could keep for themselves, and they set the prices that would be paid. High quotas needed to be filled. The new philosophy was “state first, then people”. Productivity did not increase. Under the new plan (1956), there was no more private property, and food output was totally under the control of the government. The govt. decided how much peasants could keep for themselves, and they set the prices that would be paid. High quotas needed to be filled. The new philosophy was “state first, then people”. Productivity did not increase.