Bazele retelelor TCP/IP

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Presentation transcript:

Bazele retelelor TCP/IP Emil CEBUC conferentiar Emil.Cebuc@cs.utcluj.ro Catedra de Calculatoare Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Modelele de referinta OSI si TCP/IP OSI model de referinta teoretic TCP/IP standarde de facto reglementate prin RFC Accesul la retea guvernat de standarde IEEE 802.3 LAN IEEE802.11 WLAN ITU, etc. Fiecare nivel ofera functii specifice nivelului superior

Comparatie intre TCP/IP si OSI Compare OSI and TCP/IP model

Incapsularea si decapsulare PDU Protocol Data Unit; Segment, Packet, Cadru, Biti

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Metode de Adresare si Numire

TCP si UDP TCP cu conexiune, UDP fara conexiune

Functionarea TCP

Stabilirea Conexiunii TCP

Functionarea TCP Terminarea unei sesiuni TCP

TCP Sessions Numere de secventa utilizate pentru reordonarea segementelor, controlul fluxului si controlul congestiei

UDP Protocol

UDP Protocol Describe in detail the process specified by the UDP protocol to reassemble PDUs at the destination device

Antet IPv4

Formatul adresei IP Adresa LOGICA, independenta de tehnologia de comunicatie

Adrese IPv4 clase Alocare istorica Parte de net Parte de host Nu se mai utilizeaza in mod curent

Clasificare Adrese IPv4 Name the three types of addresses in the network and describe the purpose of each type

Alocarea Adreselor IP PUBLICE Se face la cerere, ICI in .ro Poate sa fie provider dependent sau nu

Adrese IPv4 private sau locale Clasa A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 Clasele B 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.0 Clasele C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 Pot fi utilizate de oricine dar pachete cu astfel de IP-uri nu pot parasi reteaua. 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.169.x.x auto IP address,

Antet IPv6 Adrese pe 128 de biti, se pot ierarhiza mult mai usor

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Adresare IP Conversie Binar la Zecimal

Adresare IP Conversie Zecimal la Binar

Adresare ierarhica Partea de NET si partea de HOST, NETMASK

Subretele Cum se utilizeaza NETMASK

Calcul de adrese Impartirea in subretele prin imprumut de biti din partea de host

Alocarea adreselor IP Alocarea Adreselor in subretele, blocurile mai mari prima data

Calcul de adrese Reimpartirea unei subretele

Calcul de adrese Calculati adresele de net, host si broadcast pt. o subretea

Superneting si sumarizare Este opusul subnetarii Se aloca biti din partea de net spre partea de host Sumarizarea reduce numarul de intrari din tabela de routare; se poate face daca alocarea adr. IP s-a facut judicios; trebuie sa fie consecutive EX: 192.168.2.0 /24 si 192.168.3.0/24 se poate inlocui cu 192.168.2.0/23

Exemplu de sumarizare

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Definirea unei route Cele trei componente ale unei route: destinatie, interfata, nexthop

Definirea unei rute, destinatia

Routare Statica O ruta statica se introduce manual si trebuie schimbata manual daca se schimba ceva in retea

Routare dinamica Routele dinamice se invata intre routere prin protocoale de routare

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Selectia routei fara CIDR Ierarhia adreselor IP este fixa Trei clase A,B,C cu netmask fix /8, /16 si /24 Informatia de clasa se ia din primii biti ai adresei Exista o singura intrare in tabela de routare pentru o anumita destinatie sau niciuna si se alege atunci ruta default (0.0.0.0) daca exista sau pachetul este aruncat Este depreciat si nu se mai utilizeaza

Selectia routei cu CIDR In tabela de routare pot fi mai multe intrari care potrivesc spre o anumita retea (net) destinatie Se alege ruta cea mai specifica, cea care are netmaskul cel mai lung, /27 fata de /24 In tabela de routare se pastreaza si netmaskul nu se mai tine cont de clasele A,B si C Este modul de routare curent 192.168.1.0 /24 Connected 192.168.1.64 /27 next hop 192.168.1.2

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) -Routele sunt sumarizate cu masti altele decat cele default -Examplu: 172.16.0.0 /13 este ruta insumata pentru 172.16.0.0 / 16 la … 00010000 172.23.0.0 / 16 retele classfull 00010111

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Configurare DHCP Functiile DHCP in retea

Configurare DHCP DHCP aloca adresele dinamic la cerere Mecanismul DHCP

Configurare DHCP Diferente intre BOOTP si DHCP

Configurare DHCP Excluderea unor adrese, alocate pt servere, gateway sau imprimante cu adrese fixe

Configurare DHCP Releu DHCP, funct. Cu cadre de Broadcast care nu trec in mod normal prin router Serverul DHCP sa fie unul singur pt toata reteaua

Bazele Reteleleor TCP/IP Modele de referinta TCP/IP si OSI Suita de protocoale TCP/IP Subnetting, Superneting Rutare statica si dinamica CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP Network Address Translation NAT

Configurare NAT on a Cisco Router Economie adrese publice si securitate sporita

Configurare NAT Cisco Router functiile NAT si NAT overload sau PAT

Configurare NAT Cisco Router Comenzi pt configurare NAT si PAT

Configurare NAT Cisco Router Avantaje si dezavantaje NAT