Chapter 2: New Empires in America Essential question: How did Europeans change life in the Americas?

2-1 Europeans Set Sail Big Idea: Europeans explored the world, searching for new lands and new trade routes Key Terms and People: Astrolabe Caravels Henry the Navigator Viking Sailors Reach North America Vikings from Scandinavia were the first Europeans to make contact with North America around 1,000 A.D. but only stayed a few years. Prince Henry the Navigator In the early 1400’s, Portugal became a leader in world exploration Henry financed explorations and training Riches in Asia Western Europeans wanted to bypass the monopoly of Mediterranean ports Christians wanted to convert more people Marco Polo’s writings increased interest in Asian cultures and goods Technological Advances New technologies made it possible for sailors to sail the open seas -- magnetic compass and astrolabe --ships called caravels were able to sail against the wind

A Sea route to Asia By the 1400’s Portugal had motives, financial support and technology necessary for exploration Rounding Africa Portuguese ships sailed south along the West coast of Africa setting up trading posts In 1488, Bartolomeu Diaz discovered the Southern tip of Africa and the Indian Ocean Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1497, the first European to discover a sea route to Asia Results of Exploration Portugal’s exploration included the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade which increased warfare between African kingdoms Other nations watched Portugal’s increase in power and trade and soon launched their own voyages of exploration

2-2 Europeans Reach the Americas Big idea: Christopher Columbus's voyages led to new exchanges between Europe, Africa and the Americas Key Terms: Circumnavigate Columbian Exchange Columbus Sails across the Atlantic Christopher Columbus from Genoa Italy was convinced he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean The Journey Begins Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain agreed to finance Columbus’s journey After 2 difficult months, Columbus reached the islands of the Caribbean Columbus thought he had reached Asia and called the natives “Indians” Columbus made three more voyages, setting up colonies in what became known as the West Indies. Impact of Columbus’s Voyages A new era of interaction began between Europe and the Americas Columbus’s discovery also created conflict between European countries as they competed for land in the “New World”

Other Explorers Sail to the Americas In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci sailed a Spanish fleet to the coast of South America and called it the “New World”. Mapmakers began to call it the Americas Vasco de Balboa crossed over the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand Magellan sailed past the tip of South America and into the Pacific. Although killed, his expedition became the first Europeans to circumnavigate the globe. Explorers and settlers took plants and Animals with them to the Americas. They also brought new plants back to Europe, Africa and Asia This transfer became known as the Columbian Exchange To the Americas: horses, cattle, pigs, wheat From the Americas: maize, potatoes, Tobacco and cocoa Diseases were also exchanged which devastated the native American peoples. As native American populations declined, African slaves were imported to increase the labor supply.

2-3 Spain Builds an Empire Big Idea: Spain established a big empire in the Americas Key Terms: Conquistadors Encomienda system plantations Spanish Conquistadors Spanish soldiers called conquistadors led military expeditions in the Americas Conquest of the Aztec Empire Cortez saw the Aztecs as a source of gold and silver and as converts to Christianity A combination of guns, germs and steel enabled Cortez to conquer the Aztecs Conquest of the Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire of the Andes with only 400 men Possibly as many as 3/4 of the Inca and Aztec peoples were killed by disease. Spanish settlements Spain ruled by a system of royal officials called viceroys Three kinds of settlements: 1.Pueblos—trading posts 2.Missions built by Spanish priests to convert natives to Christianity 3.Presidios—military bases

Exploring the Borderlands of New Spain Exploring the Southeast Ponce de Leon conquered Puerto Rico and discovered gold de Leon explored the coast of Florida Hernando de Soto explored Florida, Georgia and the Carolinas, discovered the Mississippi in 1541 Exploring the Southwest Alvar de Vaca and Francisco Coronado explores the Southwest, looking for gold Spanish Treatment of Native Americans Spain’s colonies sent wealth to Spain, but Native Americans suffered greatly Forced labor The Encomienda system gave Spanish colonists the right to tax Native Americans or force them to work The Spanish operated plantations, or farms that grew one kind Of crop. Plantations made huge profits but required many workers The Role of the Catholic Church The Spanish king ordered priests to convert native Americans To Christianity Bartolome de Las Casas protested the harsh treatment of the Indians and was supported by the king but Spanish colonists mostly ignored laws meant to protect native Americans.

2-4 The Race for Empires Big Idea: Other Europeans nations challenged Spain in the Americas Key Words: Protestant Reformation Northwest Passage Charter Events in Europe Wars in Europe led to competition for land and power overseas The Protestant Reformation Religious protest movement that split the Christian church and led to conflict across Europe Spain and England Go to War Catholic Spain attacked Protestant England The defeat of the Spanish Armada led England, France and the Netherlands to challenge Spain overseas. Search for a Northwest Passage Europeans desired a water route to Asia Spain and Portugal controlled the southern water routes around Africa and South America Although no passage was found, exploration of North America by the British, French and Dutch increased.

European Presence in North America Because Spain and Portugal focused on the Caribbean, Central and South America, Other European countries explored North America English Presence in the New World Sir Walter Raleigh received a charter to establish a permanent colony in North America The first attempt at Roanoke Island failed for mysterious reasons French Presence in the New world Explorations by Cartier and Champlain gave France claims to modern day Canada La Salle explored the Mississippi valley and claimed it for France and named it Louisiana France concentrated on trade with Native Americans and treated them with more respect than other European countries. Dutch Presence in the New World The Dutch explored the land between the Delaware and Hudson rivers, calling it New Netherland Peter Minuit founded New Amsterdam at modern New York City

2-5 Beginnings of Slavery in the Americas Big Idea: Europeans forced millions of African slaves to work in their colonies Key terms: Immune Middle Passage African Diaspora The Need for a New Labor Force European diseases had a devastating effect on native Americans who were not as immune as Europeans 9 out of 10 Native Americans died as a result of disease. Plantation agriculture was a mainstay of the colonial economic structure and required large numbers of workers. Because Africans had developed more immunity from centuries of contact with Europeans, plantation owners began to look to African slaves to supply their labor force.

The Slave Trade In 1610 Spain legalized the sale of slaves in its colonies In one century, more than one million Africans were kidnapped into slavery The Middle Passage The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure was called the Middle Passage Slaves were packed like cargo in the holds of ships Many died of disease, starvation, or suffocated Some took their own lives African Diaspora Diaspora– the scattering of a people 12 million Africans were enslaved and sent to the Americas Slaves were given few rights as the law considered slaves to be property, like a plow or a horse. Slave Culture in the Americas Slaves in America came from many different parts of Africa Families were a vital part of slave culture Religion gave slaves a form of expression that was not under a master’s control Music and dance were influenced by African traditions.