Healthy Bones & Muscles “Every man is a builder of his temple” Henry David Thoreau

Anatomy & Physiology  Anatomy : is the branch of science concerned with describing the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living things.  Physiology : is the branch of biology that is concerned with HOW the various body parts function and work together.  Anatomy : is the branch of science concerned with describing the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living things.  Physiology : is the branch of biology that is concerned with HOW the various body parts function and work together.

Anatomy & Physiology  Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones.  Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.  Cytology is the study of cells at the microscopic level.  Neurophysiology is the study of how the nervous system functions.  Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones.  Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level.  Cytology is the study of cells at the microscopic level.  Neurophysiology is the study of how the nervous system functions.

Organizations of living systems  Living systems can be defined from various perspectives, from the broad (looking at the entire earth) to the minute (individual atoms). Each perspective provides information about how or why a living system functions:  At the chemical level, atoms, molecules (combinations of atoms), and the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based.  The cell is the smallest unit of life. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cells themselves may be specialized. Thus, there are nerve cells, bone cells, and muscle cells.  A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle cells.  Living systems can be defined from various perspectives, from the broad (looking at the entire earth) to the minute (individual atoms). Each perspective provides information about how or why a living system functions:  At the chemical level, atoms, molecules (combinations of atoms), and the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based.  The cell is the smallest unit of life. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cells themselves may be specialized. Thus, there are nerve cells, bone cells, and muscle cells.  A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle cells.

Organizations of living systems  An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.  An organ system is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.  An organism is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.  An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.  An organ system is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.  An organism is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.

Anatomic terminology  In order to accurately identify areas of the body, clearly defined anatomical terms are used. These terms refer to the body in the anatomical position—standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the side, with the palms turned forward. In this position, the following apply

Describing Positions & Relationships  Anterior means towards the front.  Posterior means towards the back.  Superior means towards the head.  Inferior means towards the feet.  Medial means towards the median plane (near the middle of the body).  Lateral means away from the median plane (away from the middle of the body).  Proximal refers to portions of the limbs that are closer to your body  Distal refers to parts and locations further away from your body  Anterior means towards the front.  Posterior means towards the back.  Superior means towards the head.  Inferior means towards the feet.  Medial means towards the median plane (near the middle of the body).  Lateral means away from the median plane (away from the middle of the body).  Proximal refers to portions of the limbs that are closer to your body  Distal refers to parts and locations further away from your body

basic-anatomical-terms

Anatomical Positions - Video Clip

Anatomical Planes  Body planes and sections are used to describe how the body or an organ is divided into two parts:  Sagittal planes divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts.  A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.  A horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross ‐ section.  Body planes and sections are used to describe how the body or an organ is divided into two parts:  Sagittal planes divide a body or organ vertically into right and left parts.  A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.  A horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross ‐ section.

Anatomical Axes o The human body is also divided into anatomical axes Axis of rotation is an imaginary line (point of rotation) that passes through a joint or the body to describe the movement. o 3 Primary Axes of Rotation o Horizontal (Bi-Lateral) Axis:  Runs from side to side  Perpendicular to Sagittal Plane  Typically flexion/extension - forward or backward somersault o Antero-Posterior Axis:  Runs from front to back  Perpendicular to the Coronal Plane  Typically abduction/adduction movements - cartwheel o Polar (Vertical) Axis:  Runs straight through the top of the head down between the feet  Perpendicular to the Transverse Plane  Typically a rotation type of movement – figure skater performs a spin o The human body is also divided into anatomical axes Axis of rotation is an imaginary line (point of rotation) that passes through a joint or the body to describe the movement. o 3 Primary Axes of Rotation o Horizontal (Bi-Lateral) Axis:  Runs from side to side  Perpendicular to Sagittal Plane  Typically flexion/extension - forward or backward somersault o Antero-Posterior Axis:  Runs from front to back  Perpendicular to the Coronal Plane  Typically abduction/adduction movements - cartwheel o Polar (Vertical) Axis:  Runs straight through the top of the head down between the feet  Perpendicular to the Transverse Plane  Typically a rotation type of movement – figure skater performs a spin

Online Review Online Quiz # 2 CrossWord Online Review Online Quiz # 2 CrossWord Explore the human body like never before! With hundreds of interactive anatomy pictures and descriptions of thousands of objects in the body, InnerBody.com will help you discover what you want to know about human anatomy, right here at your fingertips