contact diseases Communicable diseases

Tetanus Contact with tetanus spores in soil instruments and faces

Tetanus  It is acute disease induced by exotoxin of clostridium tetani and clinically characterized by muscular rigidity

INFECTIOUS AGENT  Clostridium tetanii Incubation period 6 to 10 days

Types of tetanus I. Traumatic tetanus II. Puerperal tetanus III. Otogenic tetanus IV. Tetanus neonatorum V. idiopathic

Clinical manifestations  Stiffness of muscles of jaw  Lock jaw  Spasm of muscles of face and cheeks  Resp obstruction  Cyanosis

complications  Aspiration pneumonia  Pneumothorax  Mediastinal emphysema  laryngeospasm

Treatment prevention and control  Bed rest  Good nursing condition  Airway should be patent  Adequate fluids and caloric plans  Antibiotics  immunization

scabies Contact disease

scabies  It is skin infection caused by sarcoptes scabiei having incubation period of 1 to 2days to 2 weeks

Clinical manifestations  Itching  Itchy red papules  Commonly on webs of fingers and skin folds and genitalias rarely on face

Rashes on foot

diagnosis  Scraping of lesion under microscope

treatment  Topical scabicides I. Sulphur oitment II. permethrin III. Benzyl benzonate

Prevention and control  Health education  Cleanliness  Closed contact should be treated  Clothes and bedding should be washed

leprosy Contact disease

leprosy  It is chronic infectious disease caused by myobacterium laprae.characterized by lesions of nerves skin and mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract

Types of leprosy  Leperomatous leprosy  Tuberculoid leprosy

Clinical manifestations  Skin lesions  Nerve lesions  Superficial nerves involved  Loss of sensation

treament I. Medical treatment  Rifampin  Dapsone  Clofazimine ii. Socio and psycho treatment

Prevention and control  Health education  Notification  Isolation  Disinfection  Avoid contact  Cleanliness and good sanitation  vaccinations

hepatitis

Hepatitis B  It is an viral infection caused by hepatitis B virus causing major pathology in liver  Causative agent:hepandavirus family virus HBV

Incubation period  days Period of communicability  6 week to 6 months

High risk groups  Recipient of blood transfusions  Homosexuals  Surgeons  Prostitutes  Immuno compromised  Infants of HBV carrier mothers

complications  Cirrohsis of liver  Liver cancer  Encephalitis  Ascites  Coagulation disorders  GIT bleeding  Capit medusae

Prevention and control  Good personal hygiene  Careful blood handling  Health education  Notification  Disinfection  vaccinations

vaccination  1st dose:on ist day  2 nd dose:one month later  3 rd dose:6 months later  4 th dose: booster dose For high risk ml/kg body weight

HIV/aids

HIV/AIDS  Aids is fatal illness caused by retro virus which breakdown human immune system leading body vulnerable to life threatening opportunistic infections.

Incubation period  29 moths in adults  12 months in children causative agent  HIV virus I and II

High risk groups  Homo sexuals  Prostitutes  Iv drug abusers  recipients of blood transfusion  Having multiple sex patners  Vertical transmission

Clinical features a. Initial infection b. Asymptomatic carrier stage c. AIDS related complex d. AIDS

Initial infection  Fever  Sore throat  rashes

Asymptomatic carrier stage  Donot show sign of disease except generalized lymphadenopathy

AIDS related complex  Has illness caused by damage to immune system but no opportunistic infections

AIDS  End stage of HIV INFECTION.  Cancers  Opportunistic infections  Death due to uncontrolled infections

diagnosis  Screening test  Virus isolation  Absolute CD-4 lymphocyte count

Prevention and control  Notification  Health education  General awareness and behavioural change  Blood and blood product safety  Injection safety  Surveillance and research  Youth  Antiretroviral drugs