1900 – Russian troops occupied Manchuria & built railroads Japan wanted Manchuria (and Korea) too Japanese attack on Russian ships in Manchuria  Russo- Japanese War (1904) –Japan winning, which made Roosevelt fear an Asian power would threaten US position in Philippines Roosevelt invited Japan and Russia to peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire – Treaty of Portsmouth –Neither Russia nor Japan would occupy Manchuria –Russia recognizes Japan’s rule in Korea & other territories –Russia maintained RR in Manchuria 1906 – For his role in ending the war, Roosevelt was first American to be awarded Nobel Peace Prize

1906 – US-Japanese relations damaged by school segregation policies of San Fransisco, CA against Asian children Japan protested  Roosevelt persuades SF school board to end segregation policy 1907 – Gentlemen’s Agreement: Informal agreement btwn Japan and US. –Japan restricts emigration to America –US only allows immediate family members of current Japanese residents –Never ratified by Congress (ends in 1924) –Led to increase in Japanese picture brides and Japanese population in US Racism and discrimination against Japanese in California continued to hurt US-Japanese relations

Goal = canal joining N. & S. America to avoid the voyage around S. America Colombia controlled Panama US offered Colombia a 99 year lease with $10 million + $250,000 per year –Colombia rejected (wanted more $) Nov. 3, France & US created a “revolution” for Panamanian independence …WHY? –US stations warship by Panama to intimidate Colombia –Nov. 6, 1903 Panama wins independence –US granted rights to build canal under proposed terms Construction 1906  1914 Feeling guilty, US paid Colombia $25 million –Roosevelt’s deceitful actions still hurt US- Latin American relations

1823 Monroe Doctrine  1904 Roosevelt Corollary 1904 R.C. in response to Dominican Republic, where govt stopped payments on its debts of more than $32 million to various nations Wanted to avoid having European powers come to the Western Hemisphere for the purpose of collecting debts…WHY? “It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.” Monroe Doctrine = keep European nations out of Latin America Roosevelt corollary = justification for U.S. intervention in Latin America 1823 M.D…. Western Hemisphere no longer open for colonization political system of Americas different from Europe US would regard any interference in W. hemisphere as threat to security US would refrain from participation in European wars US would not disturb existing colonies in W. hemisphere

Goal = advance American commercial interests Nicaragua – U.S. backed revolution that brought Adolfo Diaz to power –US feared British influence in Nicaragua & potential British Nicaraguan canal to rival Panama canal –US bankers lent Diaz govt’ $1.5 million dollars in exchange for control of Nicaragua’s bank, railroad, and customs service – Taft sent marines to break up a revolt against Diaz China –Tried to achieve goals of Secretary of State Hay with Open Door Notes –Plan for U.S.-financed railroad in Manchuria failed –Russia & Japan signed treaty dividing Manchuria for commercial purposes, excluding US

Mexico had won independence from Spain in 1820 (Mexican War for Independence: Sept. 16, 1810 – Aug. 24, 1821) –  division between Mexican elite & peasantry –1911 – Rebels led by Fransisco Madero ended 30- year rule of Porfirio Diaz, defender of elite

–1913 (as Wilson takes office) – Mexican troops loyal to General Victoriano Huerta overthrew/murdered Madero –Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s violent govt’ –Wilson authorized arms’ sales to Huerta’s rival, General Venustiano Carranza and blocked a shipment of German arms from reaching Huerta “I am going to teach the South American republics to elect good men.” - Wilson Why did Wilson care about Mexico? 40,000 Americans settled in Mexico $2 billion invested in Mexican oil wells & other business interests Many Americans living in border towns Why did Wilson care about Mexico? 40,000 Americans settled in Mexico $2 billion invested in Mexican oil wells & other business interests Many Americans living in border towns

April 1914 – 7,000 US troops battle Huerta’s forces 65 Americans & 500 Mexicans killed/wounded Huerta abdicates  Carranza takes power US troops withdraw

Jan – Pancho Villa (bandit & champion of the poor) murders 16 U.S. engineers in Mexico  burns town in New Mexico, killing 19 Wilson sends expedition under General John J. Pershing to capture Villa Villa evades Pershing, and raids Texas Wilson sends 150,000 national guardsmen to border  strong anti- American sentiment 1920 – Villa ends raids when Mexican govt’ gives him large land grant –Soon assassinated (conspiracy theories  Mexican president Obregon?)

Prior to WWI…which international policies and practices would you agree with? Disagree with? Justify.