ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE BIO 137 Anatomy & Physiology I Lab

Anatomical Position Scientists describe the structures of an Organism Using Universal Anatomical Language. Body standing erect Feet flat on floor directed forward Head and toes facing forward Upper limbs at the sides with the palms facing forward

Anatomical Terminology Body Orientation and Direction Superior versus Inferior Dorsal versus Ventral Posterior versus Anterior

Anatomical Position Body Orientation and Direction Medial versus Lateral Proximal versus Distal (appendicular skeleton only) Superficial versus Deep Ipsilateral versus contralateral

Esophagus (food tube) Trachea (windpipe) Rib Left lung Heart Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon Small intestine Descending colon Urinary bladder Right lung Sternum (breastbone) Humerus Radius Ulna Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Anterior view of trunk and right upper limb SUPERIOR INFERIOR PROXIMAL DISTAL MEDIAL Midline LATERAL Spleen

ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Divisions of the Human Body Axial Portion Head Neck Trunk Appendicular Portion Appendages Arms Legs

Body Cavities Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

Body Cavities

Thoracic Cavity Lungs Mediastinum (between lungs) Heart Trachea Esophagus Thymus

Abdominopelvic Cavity Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm Abdominal Cavity Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Pancreas, Spleen, Small and Large Intestines, Kidneys, Adrenal Glands, Ureters Pelvic Cavity Enclosed by pelvic bones Internal Reproductive Organs, Bladder, Anus

Major Body Organs CavitySubdivisionsOrganAssociated structures Cranial CraniumBrainCranial nerves Vertebral canalSpinal cordSpinal nerves Thyroid gland Thoracic PleuralLungs Mediastinum Thymus Esophagus Trachea Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Aorta PericardialHeart Diaphragm Abdominopelvic Abdomen Stomach Liver Small intestine Large intestine (most) Greater omentum RetroperitonealKidneysUreters Pelvic Urinary bladder Ovaries ( ♀ ) Uterine tubes ( ♀ ) Uterus ( ♀ ) Testes ( ♂ )

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes Serous Membranes Line the walls of these body cavities and fold back to cover the organs Secrete serous fluid for lubrication Visceral layer of a Membrane – covers an organ (innermost) Parietal layer of a Membrane – lines a cavity or body wall (outermost)

Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes Pleural Membranes: Lungs Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pericardial Membranes: Heart Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Peritoneal Membranes Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum

Thorax, Transverse Section

Body Cavities Membranes of the body cavities

Figure Abdomen, Transverse Section

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions  Identification of quadrants and regions in the abdominopelvic cavity helps clinicians describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs.  There are 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and 9 regions.  The dividing lines between these are centered on the umbilicus (“belly button”).

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus Right upper quadrant (RUQ) liver Left upper quadrant (LUQ) spleen and left kidney Right lower quadrant (RLQ) appendix Left lower quadrants (LLQ) left ovary ( )

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions  Dividing the abdomen and pelvis into regions is done using a Tic-Tac-Toe grid.  There are nine abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants & Regions