VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: ECONOMIC COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES NATA DUVVURY NUI, GALWAY JUNE 23, 2106 IAFFE PRE CONFERENCE

OVERVIEW 1.Feminist Economics and VAW (IPV) 2.Highlight dimensions of VAW including forms and prevalence of IPV 3.Discuss consequences of violence 4.Conceptual frame mapping links between violence and growth 5.Review of cost estimates of violence 6.Illustrative empirical strategy

FEMINIST ECONOMICS Feminist economics is concerned with understanding gender power imbalances and how these affect economy and society Concerned to understand the role of patriarchy in capitalist accumulation So considerable focus on issues of gender division of labour, interaction of paid and unpaid work and social reproduction, gender wage gap, etc. Violence which is a fundamental expression of gender power is however not adequately integrated into the analysis of accumulation or long term dynamics

ECONOMY AND VIOLENCE INTERACTION Much of the analysis of feminist eocnomists on violence is focused on exploring the dynamics of violence in a inter- household bargaining model – big problem is that violence is ‘choice’ Others have focused on understanding to the extent to which economic empowerment of individual women or economic growth at community/state level contributes to decrease in violence However little attention to violence results in ‘costs’ in the short term and potentially more significant impact on growth itself in the long run In this talk i will focus on understanding the costs of violence and potential long-term impacts

MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE - DEFINITIONS Fundamental human rights violation of epidemic proportions Violence against women encompasses multiple forms – domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape, femicide, dowry deaths, FGM, sex selective abortion, child marriage, etc. Universally prevalent form is intimate partner violence across both global north and south Intimate partner violence is defined as physical, sexual or psychological acts perpetrated by an intimate partner causing physical or mental harm including deprivation of liberty

LIFETIME PREVALENCE OF PHYSICAL AND /OR SEXUAL VIOLENCE INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG EVER-PARTNERED WOMEN

CONSEQUENCES OF IPV – HEALTH IMPACTS Pre mature mortality - 38 percent of all women murdered over 65 countries were murdered by an intimate partner (WHO, 2013) Non-fatal injuries - 41percent of women experiencing violence report injuries, often leading disability, chronic pain and morbidity (WHO, 2013) Poor mental health – PTSD, depression, substance abuse are increased risks for women experiencing IPV (Garcia- Moreno, et. al, 2008) Poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes including maternal mortality, increased risk of HIV, gynecological disorders (Bacchus, 2004, Campbell, et. al, 2008)

Impact on labor force participation Women working at home increased experience of violence Bhattacharya, 2009) Women experiencing violence more likely to be employed by 10% (Farmer and Tiefenthaler, 2004; Aguero, 2012) Longitudinal study of sexual violence survivors suggests decreased labor force participation (Sabia, et al, 2013) Impact on work Absenteeism – missing work after incident of violence – Vietnam women missed on average 5.5 days per incident.(Duvvury et al, 2012) Presenteeism – tardiiness, leaving early, less concentration (Reeves and OLeary-Kelly, 2007, Swanberg, et al, 2006) Impact on employment stability Episodes of violence impact employment stability upto six years (Crowne, et al, 2011) Depression is key mediating variable Impact on earnings Decreased productivity reflected in lower earnings –Vietnam women experiencing violence had 35% lower wages (Duvvury, et al, 2012) A longitudinal study of survivors of sexual violence found 5.1% decrease in wages (Sabia, et.al, 2013) IPV affects a survivor’s ability to be engaged at work, maintain employment stability and achieve occupation attainment. CONSEQUENCES OF IPV- ECONOMIC IMPACTS

CONSEQUENCES OF IPV: INTER-GENERATIONAL IMPACTS Consequences for children’s health – low birth weight, malnutrition, poor health Studies in Latin America, Bangladesh and Zimbabwe found increase risk of acute respiratory tract infections and diarrhea, higher anemia, malnutrition, lesser likelihood of vaccination (Aguero, 2012, Morrison and Orlando, 2004) Impacts on children’s behavior Among children exposed to violence increased truancy, criminal behavior, depression, increased risk of substance abuse, and increased likelihood of perpetration or experience of violence in adulthood (Wright, et. al, 2012) Impacts on education Poor school performance, likelihood of missing years of school, poor cognitive ability (Bosquet, et. al, 2012, Lozano, 1999) Overall, human capital formation of next generation is undermined

INTRA-HOUSEHOLD GENDER RELATIONS Violence impacts intra- household gender relations Loss of power and decision making (Bobonis, et. al(2009) Intra-household allocation in terms of preferred food and personal consumption reduced (Bhattacharya, 2009)

CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF IPV LINKS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH

ESTIMATING COSTS The numerous consequences raises the question whether these can be monetized Costing frameworks focus on differentiating short run vs long run costs direct vs indirect costs tangible vs intangible monetary vs non monetary costs Costs occur at different levels individual/household community/businesses state/national economy

TYPES OF COSTS Direct tangible/monetary costs Expenditures to prevent violence, treat victims, and apprehend and prosecute perpetrators Indirect tangible/ monetary costs (loss of opportunity/profit) Costs of increased absenteeism; decreased labor market participation; reduced productivity; lower earnings, investment and savings; and lower intergenerational productivity Direct intangible/non-monetary costs Increased suffering, illness, and death; abuse of drugs and alcohol; and depression Indirect intangible/non-monetary costs Inter-generational impacts on children such as psychological and cognitive impacts

METHODOLOGIES FOR COST ESTIMATION Accounting methodology - out of pocket costs for accessing services, foregone income through absenteeism, missed school, cost of service provision Econometric methodology – measures indirect costs in terms of reduced income due to pre-mature mortality, lost productivity and lost time in the labor market Propensity Score Matching – impacts on labor force participation, health outcomes, etc. Willingness to pay/accept methodology – loss of quality of life, pain and suffering DALYs – disability adjusted life years captures loss of quality of life, pain and suffering

SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATES

COST ESTIMATES CONT’D

COST ESTIMATES – CONT’D

LINKS TO GROWTH? Cost estimates are static - monetary loss at one time point In the conceptual framework we highlighted different pathways that impact on growth/development However non availability of data limits which pathways can be explored One strategy is to look at sectoral level Using data from Vietnam study, estimated output loss by sectors Identified key sectors which accounted majority of women’s employment – 92% of employment and 60% of total output in 2011 Used figures on average number of incidents and days missed per incident to calculate total missed days Using output/worker/day in each sector calculated total output loss in individual sectors

OUTPUT LOSS IN 2012

CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON For example in Uganda the loss due to violence is equivalent to 31% of what is spent on all education. If only consider spend on primary education, the output loss due to IPV related absenteeism is between 25 per cent for Viet Nam to slightly more than 50 per cent for Bangladesh and Uganda. Intriguing that the loss is roughly equivalent across different economic levels

FUTURE DIRECTIONS There is a deep and complex interrelationship between violence against women and economic growth with important implications for development An important question to explore is whether, as economic development unfolds, with implications for trends in female labor force participation and structural shifts in the economy, does the significance of the output loss decline? An even more important question is whether economic growth/development exacerbate IPV? Does it depend on the type and pattern of economic development?

For more information and full bibiliography see the following two documents: Duvvury, N., Minh, N. and Carney, P Economic Costs of Domestic Violence Against Women in Vietnam. UN Women: Hanoi available at library/publications/2013/2/estimating-the-cost-of-domestic- violence-against-women-in-viet-namhttp:// library/publications/2013/2/estimating-the-cost-of-domestic- violence-against-women-in-viet-nam Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, T. and Raghavendra, S Intimate Partner Violence: Economic Costs and Implications for Growth and Development. Women’s Voice, Agency and Participation Research Series No. 3, World Bank available at imate-partner-violence-economic-costs-implications-growth- development imate-partner-violence-economic-costs-implications-growth- development

Thank you!