Techniques for Ship Handling and Team Management Prof. E. Dr. Hiroaki Kobayashi Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology

Knowledge and Competency Definition Knowledge: the information and understanding that you gain through education or experience Competency: The ability to do something well (Oxford Dictionary)

Standard competencies for ship handling International agreement with the competencies STCW code Model Course issued by IMO Content small and limited mainly necessary knowledge

Proposed issues Specification on actual necessary techniques Required competencies based on knowledge Actual seafarers’ behavioral characteristics Necessary competencies based on logical analysis Target situations standard situation for ship handling Bridge team management

Relating Factors for safe navigation When we center the seafarer competency, The rest of the relating factors for safe navigation correspond to the environment factors mentioned below, 1.Maneuvering characteristics of own ship 2.Geographic future and water condition 3.Weather and sea state 4.Maritime traffic condition 5.Rules of navigation 6.Installed navigation support system 7.Onshore navigation support system

Fig. 1 Necessary conditions for safe navigation according to the relationship between competency required by navigational environment and seafarer competency

Fig. 2 Changes in the ship navigation safety due to changes in environment and variations in seafarer competency

Safe navigation is determined by a balance of the competency required by environment and the achievable competency of seafarers. When the competency required by environment is greater than the achievable competency of seafarers, safe navigation is difficult to realize. When the competency required by environment is less than the achievable competency of seafarers, the possibility of realizing safe navigation increases. Necessary Conditions for Safe Navigation

Development of Technical Elements for Navigation Techniques The necessary techniques for realizing safe navigation are categorized and organized according to the following nine elemental techniques. Technique for passage planning Technique for lookout Technique for position fixing Technique for maneuvering Technique in observance with rules of navigation and other laws and regulations Technique for communication Technique for instrument operation Technique for emergencies Technique for managing techniques and people

Organization of the nine elemental techniques and their interrelationships Planning Position fixing Lookout Maneuvering Rule of the Road Communication Instrument Operation Emergency Treatment Management

Lookout (Definition) Technique for lookout are for detecting stationary targets and moving targets, identifying them, estimating the kind, distance, direction, moving speed and moving direction of targets, and predicting future risks. (Main functions) (1) Identify present situation (kinds of encountering ships, position, movement of target ships (course, speed)) (2) Predict future situation (movement of target ships (future position, course, speed), changes in the movement of target ships, estimated risks to own ship (CPA, TCPA, BCR(range from bow or stern))) (Affecting Factors) (1) Navigational instruments (compass, radar, radar/ARPA, automatic identification system (AIS), vessel traffic information service (VTIS) information)) (2) Visibility (3) Marine traffic vessel volume and traffic flow characteristics (4) Navigational conditions (( in ocean, in fairway )and traffic laws)

Fig.3 Relationship of surrounding ship density and TCPA at time of first detection on target Fig.4 Definition of surrounding ship density

Fig. 5 Relationship of first detection time and distance at closest point of approach TCPA TRTR TATA 0 TDTD T D :First detection of target ship T R :Recognition of collision risk T D ~T A :Determination of avoiding action T A :Start of avoiding action 0 :Collision time Fig.6 Process of actions for avoiding collision

Functions that must be achieved by technique of lookout Understand current conditions 1.Early detection of other ships 2.kinds of target ships encountered 3.Movements of target ships encountered (position, course, speed) Understand conditions ship will encounter in future 1.Future conditions of target ships encountered (future position, future course, future speed) 2.Ship-to-ship risks (CPA, TCPA, BCR) Functions Achieved by Lookout Technique

Functions Achieved by Techniques for Management Functions that must be achieved by technique for managing techniques Select techniques that must be applied Select concrete functions of the techniques to be performed Determine frequency and timing to perform techniques Determine priority when need to apply multiple techniques The targets of management in this book are team of people and techniques. The necessary techniques for managing team of people are described in Part II, Bridge Team Management. Here, are the essential points for management on technique. ==

Improving Competency of Inexperienced Seafarer Functions Achieved by Techniques for Management An example of insufficient competency seen in inexperienced seafarer is competency in management on techniques. Competency in management on techniques requires the following. Proper selection and timely performance of techniques: knowing when and how to perform techniques in navigational situations requiring multiple techniques. When multiple elemental techniques are required at the same time, determining the importance of the functions that can be achieved by performing a technique, and deciding the order of performing them. Management on techniques cannot be achieved without fully understanding the function of each element technique and how to perform it. Consequently, firstly, the competency in each of the elemental techniques illustrated in this chapter must be improved.

Bridge Team Management and Model Course on BTM Training

Part II Bridge Team Management Chapter 1 Necessary Techniques for Safe Navigation Chapter 2 Factors in Achieving Safe Navigation 2-1 Role of Bridge Team in Ensuring Safe Navigation Chapter 3 Background and Proposal of the Bridge Team Management Concept 3.1 Definition of Bridge Team Management and Bridge Resource Management Chapter 4 Bridge Team Management 4-2 Reasons for and Purpose of Organizing Bridge Team 4-3 Special Aspects and Necessary Functions of Teamwork 4-4 Communication 4-5 Cooperation 4-6 Necessary Functions of Team Leaders 4-7 Examples of Teamwork Implementation 4-8 Captain’s Briefings

Preface Knowledge and Competency Chapter 1 Training system Chapter 2 BTM Training Structure 2-1 Course Timetable 2-2 Details of Education and Training Chapter 3 BTM Training Examples 3-1 Implementing Training 3-2 Ship Maneuvering Simulator Practical Exercise Examples Part III BTM/BRM Training

Fig. 7 Meaning of Bridge Team from viewpoint of necessary condition for safe navigation

Necessary Conditions for Safe Navigation and Bridge Team The following conditions must be understood to achieve safe navigation. The achievable competency of seafarers and the competency required by environment in order to achieve safe navigation are related. The achievable competency of seafarers must be the same as or better than the competency required by environment in order to ensure safe ship navigation. A Bridge Team must be organized when safety cannot be ensured by single seafarer competency. The purpose of organizing a Bridge Team is that all team members realize a high level of competency as a team that is BTM.

In order to attain the purpose of organizing bridge team by plural seafarers, team members must achieve the following functions. The team leader must achieve the function of motivating the team so it can achieve its purpose. Team members must effectively communicate. Team members must maintain cooperation in order to maintain smooth team activity. Team members must properly perform the work assigned to them. Team leader must achieve items 2 to 4 above as members of the team. Team members must also follow the intentions of the team leader. Necessary Functions of Teamwork

Command Lookout Master Steering Lookout Vision/RADAR VHF Positing Lookout RADAR 2/O Communication Cooperation Q/M3/O Role assignment in bridge teamwork

Traffic flow characteristics of an eastbound vessel near Buffalo Rock in Singapore Straits

The following functions are possible through proper communication. Sharing of results done by each team member, summarizing of obtained information, and determination of a teamwork plan. Sharing of a sense of purpose by team members. Detection of human error team member makes and breaking of the human error chain. Significance of Communication

The following functions can be achieved through cooperation. Maintenance of relation in work performed by each team member and smooth teamwork. Substitute or supplementary work for other team members. Monitoring of actions by other team members and detection of human error Significance of Cooperation

The team leader must clearly notify all team members of the purpose to be achieved by the team, and present the specific actions necessary to achieve the purpose. The team leader must evaluate the competency of team members, and provide clear instructions of the duties and specifics of work to all constituent members. The team leader constantly monitors the actions of team members, and motivates the team to maintain constant optimum activity. The team leader is also a member of the team, and thus must make good communication in order that team members can understand the situation the team faces, and achieve cooperation in order to smoothly proceed with teamwork. Functions of Team Leaders

The following points should be considered when communicating with team members. Clear awareness of the purpose of communication. Classify the information and items to be communicated. Select the time for communication. Decide on the order of information to be communicated. Decide on the frequency of communication. Methods of Communication

In lookout duties for collision avoidance, reporting items change at each of the following steps, so reporting must be done accordingly. When discovering ships with risk of collision During continuous monitoring of ships with risk of collision Right before starting avoiding action During avoiding action At the end of avoiding action Methods of Communication for Lookout Duties

In ship position fixing duties, reporting items change according to the following navigational conditions, so reporting must be done accordingly. When navigating a straight planned course line in narrow fairway When navigating on a planned course line including course changes in narrow fairway When navigating towards a destination with a fixed arrival time Method of Communication for Ship Position Fixing

Conclusion Purpose of summarizing the techniques for safe ship handling and proposal on bridge Team management is to improve the present concept of the techniques in maritime field. 1.Techniques on ship handling must be systematized based on logical and scientific discussion 2.Systematic technical developments lead the reasonable international convention and code and effective training model course 3.Clarification on necessary technique for team management improve the safety of navigation 4.Team management for handling ship can be extended to the all of team activities with plural member.