Good Morning! Please Get your answer document & a marker Pick up your journal & a copy of the legal codes Sit where you like Get our your CW & notes for the quiz. Today’s Agenda Questions APQ2 Comparative Ethical Systems G+SPIRE comparison of Egypt & Mesopotamia Access Online Textbooks

Quiz Procedures Use a Pen! (black or blue) Name & class period, please. Date & Label From LEFT to RIGHT 10 minutes Use this box.

WHAT IF I WANT TO CHANGE MY ANSWER? PUT AN X THROUGH YOUR FIRST CHOICE. DRAW AN ARROW TO YOUR NEW CHOICE BUBBLE YOUR NEW CHOICE.

Going Over the Quiz Quiz review/grading is a learning opportunity. Please be attentive. correct If the answer is correct -Do nothing! incorrect If the answer is incorrect make a mark through the question number bubble the correct answer with the marker Write your grade at the bottom- 30, 50, 80, 100, etc.

Comparative Ethical Systems Answer the questions in your spiral Use pen & complete sentences Take ~20 minutes When done, return your spiral to the drawer and get out your chrome book or laptop.

Big Geography & Peopling of the Earth I. Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting- foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions. A. Humans used fire in new ways: to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments. B. Humans developed a wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra. C. Economic structures focused on small kinship groups of hunting/foraging bands that could make what they needed to survive. However, not all groups were self-sufficient; they exchanged people, ideas, and goods.

I. Approx.10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems. A. Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes. B. Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Africa and Eurasia. C. Different crops or animals were domesticated in the various core regions, depending on available local flora and fauna. Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production. E. These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed.

II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. A. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population. B. Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites. C. Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation. Ex. of improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation: Pottery Plows Woven textiles Metallurgy Wheels and wheeled vehicles D. In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization.

Online Textbook Resources Write your name, , etc. Go to the website next to the Launchpad Icon ehs/  Instructor name: Conrad  Course Number: 1881 Once you are able to sign up finish writing your password, etc. on the card and return it to me. DO NOT leave with the card! I must have it back.

When reading make particular note of The effects of Interaction between societies Changes over time within a society The impact of technology The impact of demographics Social and gender structures (& changes) Intellectual developments Changes in the function and structures of states

Making sense of so much reading Exposure to the information is key! Read, take a break, and read again. Make note of the main idea of each par. NO MORE THAN 50 Minutes at a sitting! Use the on-line resources (practice quiz, outlines, etc.) Participate in a study group-discussion works Ask Questions!

The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies I. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. (Students should be able to identify the location of all of the following required examples of core and foundational civilizations): Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavín in Andean South America

II. The first states emerged within core civilizations. A. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. D. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations.

Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art. A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. B. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. Examples of new weapons Compound bows Iron weapons Examples of new modes of transportation Chariots Horseback riding Examples of arts and artisanship Sculpture Painting Wall decorations Elaborate weaving Examples of monumental architecture and urban planning Ziggurats Pyramids Temples Defensive walls Streets and roads Sewage and water systems

C. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused. D. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. E. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods. New religious beliefs: The Vedic religion Hebrew monotheism Zoroastrianism F. Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and transregional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology. Examples of trade expansion from local to regional and transregional: Between Egypt and Nubia Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley G. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. H. Literature was also a reflection of culture. Epic of Gilgamesh in 10 minutes

The First Written Law Code yQqfXoSw

S - Social P - Political I - Intellectual R - Religion E – Economic CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE

Favorable Geography  Benefits of Nile  Rich soil  Abundant Water  Transportation  Natural Boundaries

Egyptian History  Early gov’ts to control Nile  Eventually combined:  Lower Egypt (north)  Upper Egypt (south)  Old Kingdom  3,100-2,200 BC  Pyramids built as tombs

Egyptian History  Middle Kingdom  2,200-1,730 BC  Age of Nobles  Canal from Nile to Red Sea  Ended by Hyksos with horses/chariots

Egyptian History  New Kingdom  1, BC  The Empire  Ramses II  Tutankhamen

Egyptian Life  Pharaoh=absolute monarch  Privileged aristocracy  Pharaoh & his family  Nobles  Priests  Unprivileged masses  Peasants  Slaves

Egyptian Life  Economic activities  Depended chiefly on agriculture  Glassblowing  Imported timber and copper  Religious beliefs  Polytheistic  Mummification

Egyptian Contributions  Math  Surveyed land  Art  Huge stone statues  Carved/painted various scenes  Architecture & engineering  Pyramids and temples  Dams and irrigation canals

Egyptian Contributions  Hieroglyphs on papyrus  History  Scientific/Math knowledge  Government/Business records  Science  Solar-year calendar (365 days)  Prepared mummies  Recognized/Treated diseases

Mesopotamia

Fertile Crescent  Divided into:  East  Tigris and Euphrates river valleys (Mesopotamia)  West  Eastern Mediterranean coast

Influence of Geography  Rivers/Coastline  Seaports/trade developed  Lack of stone  Clay for construction & writing  Low, level plains  No natural barriers to invasion

Peoples  Sumerians  Babylonians  Hebrews  Phoenicians  Lydians  Hittites  Assyrians  Chaldeans  Persians

Sumerians  4,000 BC -Independent city-states  Contributions  Cuneiform on clay tablets  System of numbers based on 60  Basis of time and rotation units  Architecture  Invented arch  Built ziggurats

Babylonians  1750 BC led by Hammurabi  Conquered other city- states  Contributions  Code of Hammurabi  Astronomy  Led to astrology

Hebrews  BC -moved from SE tip of Fertile Crescent to SW  Conquered by various Mesopotamian peoples  Contributions  Monotheism  Old Testament  Emphasis on high moral principles

Phoenicians  BC-north of Palestine on Mediterranean coast  Traded throughout Mediterranean  Established colonies  Specialized in purple (royal color)  Contributions  Missionaries of civilization  Alphabet

Lydians  After 1000 BC lived in Asia Minor  Contribution  Coinage of money

Hittites  About 2000 BC appeared in northern Asia Minor (area rich in iron)  Contribution  Iron

Assyrians  After 800 BC built an empire  Learned about iron from Hittites  Conquered Fertile Crescent/Egypt  Terrorized enemies and subjects  Contributions  Government  Divided empire into provinces  Built military roads  Library  Art

Chaldeans  612 BC overthrew Assyrians  Gained control of Fertile Crescent  Established 2nd Babylonian Empire  Contributions  Architecture  Nebuchadnezzar-Hanging Gardens of Babylon  Astronomy

Persians  6th century BC expanded from Plateau of Iran  Largest empire yet seen  Contributions  Government  Provinces ruled by satrap  Eyes and Ears of the King  Roads for military and trade  Coined money

Persians (cont’d.)  Contributions  Spread of culture  Treated subject peoples humanely  Adopted ideas and practices from their conquered peoples  Stimulated interchange among peoples  Religion  Good and evil

River Valley Civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia