A Geographer’s Tools Globes: 3-D representation of Earth Maps: 2-D representation of selected parts of Earth’s surface Map projection: a way of drawing the earth that reduces distortion caused by going from round to flat Cartographer: a person who makes maps

Planar Projection Map

Cylindrical Projection Mercator Projection Map

Conic Projection

ProjectionUsesDistortions PlanarGreatest accuracy at its center Good for maps of the North and South Poles CylindricalMost accurate at the equator and toward the poles Useful for sea navigation ConicRelatively accurateStraight lines

ProjectionUsesDistortions RobinsonGeneral reference. NOT used to calculate precise distances. Minor distortions especially in North. outlines continents much as they look on the globe. Goode’s Interrupted Equal Area Projection Map Presenting spatial distribution. Shows earth’s true size and shape. Distances are distorted.

Goode’s Interrupted Equal Area Map Robinson Projection

To help describe location, geographers divide the earth into hemispheres, or halves of the Earth

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude & Longitude: grid system of imaginary lines Latitude Lines that run east to west Sometimes called parallels Latitude goes around the Earth Longitude Lines that run north to south Sometimes called meridians Pole to pole, half circles Longitude goes over the Earth

Geographers use latitude and longitude to describe _______ location.

How do we know if it’s N or S? E or W?

Important Lines of Latitude and Longitude Equator 0⁰ latitude Prime meridian 0⁰ longitude Greenwich, England International Date Line 180⁰ longitude

Lat & Long Skills 1.Mark the Equator in RED. 2.Mark & label the Prime Meridian in PURPLE. 3.Mark the Tropic of Cancer 23 ⁰ N and the Tropic of Capricorn 23⁰ S in ORANGE. 4.Mark the International Date Line in GREEN. 5.Mark the Arctic 66⁰ N and Antarctic 66 ⁰ S circle in BLUE

Cities Around the World Circle the cities at: 1.47°N, 71°W 2.38°S, 145°E 3.41°N, 29°E 4.19°N, 73°E 5.23°S, 43°W Bonus: Once you find them on your map, plug these coordinates into your smart phone map and jot down the cities located at these coordinates.

Parts of a map Title Legend Compass Rose Line Symbols Colors Scale

Make a bubble map Parts of a Map TitleLegend Compass rose Line symbols colorsscale

Title Purpose of the map

Legend Explains the meanings of the symbols on the map Roads, highways, railroads, landmarks, parks, buildings Dots represent cities Stars represent capitals

Compass Rose Direction on a map North, South, East, West

Line Symbols Boundary lines Roads Streets Trade or transportation routes Rivers earthquake fault lines ocean shorelines

Colors Differences in elevation (height) Represent different countries Water features- oceans, lakes Land features- deserts, valleys, plains

Scale Proportional relationship between the measurements on a map and the distance in real life

Small and Large Scale Map Practice Distance between Paris and Lyon. Distance to Eiffel Tower to Rodin Museum Distance from Blvd De Clichy to the Seine River Distance across France from Spain to Belgium. Calculate your answers, double check yourself on your smart phone if you have one. Submit your answers on socrative or on one of the slips of paper from Mrs. Kice.

Closure What are the best uses for a small scale map? Large scale map?

The Geographer's Tools Geospatial Technologies Geospatial technologies include global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing from satellites and aircraft. GPS uses networks of satellites and receivers to provide the absolute location of something on Earth. GIS are software programs used to process and organize data that links a location to its characteristics. Remote sensing is any technique used to measure, observe, or monitor something without touching it.