Final: December 15 th (Tuesday) Same room and time Bring a #2 pencil You need to study Handouts 9-15 and the study sheet/ppt Download this review:

(1) Aquinas: Natural theology: indirect knowledge we can have about God using reason alone, (2) Aquinas: Revealed Theology: indirect knowledge we can have about God from religious faith, (3) Aquinas: Faith as a kind of knowledge: a gift from God where he enters the soul and moves your will to assent to a proposition, (4) Aquinas vs. Aristotle on the nature of science: Aristotle gave 5 criteria, Thomas said only 2 were necessary and sufficient, namely: demonstrative reasoning and certitude. (5) Aquinas on the 2 meanings of Revelation: either (3) above or the deposit of the faith which is the teaching of the Sacred and the Church, (6) Aquinas on the distinction between revelatum and revelabilia: revelatum had to be revealed because human reason alone cannot discover it; revelabilia was historically revealed by God but human reason alone can discover it.

(7) Overview of the 5 proofs: sections B, and C, see the handout. (8) Aristotle vs. Aquinas on Hylomorphism: For Aristotle Delfino (a primary sub) is only composed of prime matter and form. But for Aquinas Delfino is composed of prime matter, form, and an act-of-existing (esse). (9) Real distinction: A difference present in things outside of the mind whether you know it or not, (10) Conceptual distinction: a difference that arises only due to the work of your mind, (11) Essentialist: someone who hold that essence (what something is) is the primary meaning of being and thus it holds the highest place in reality, example: Aristotle. (12) Existentialist: someone who holds that existence is the primary meaning of being and thus it holds the highest place in reality, example: Aquinas.

(13) esse/act-of-existing: The act of a thing which makes it exist. Delfino’s esse is not a separate substance from Delfino. But it is really distinct from essence, and it is related to essence as actuality to potentiality. (14) Aquinas types of knowledge: sensation (knowledge of individual colors, sounds, etc.), conceptualization (abstraction of universals), judgment (knowledge of existence), (15) Boethius on personhood: individual substance of a rational nature, (16) Aquinas on Personhood: very close to Boethius Thomas stresses intelligence and freedom, (17) Intellect and Will: 2 powers of the mind. The intellect allows for acts of thinking which have truth as their object. The will allows for acts of choosing which have goods as their object.

(18) Aquinas vs. Aristotle on the immateriality of the soul: The entire soul is immaterial in human beings for Aquinas. For Aristotle only the mind is immaterial, more precisely the active intellect, (19) Sense appetites: Roughly speaking, an appetite is an inclination towards or away something. Sensible appeties are inclined towards or away from sensible things (e.g., food, sex), Sense appetites require material organs and are not free—all of us are repulsed by extreme physical pain. (20) Rational appetite: The rational appetite or will is a spiritual power that uses no organ and seeks after what appears to be non-sensible goods (justice, etc.), (21) Free will vs. Free choice: the will or ratioinal appetite is inclined necessarily to what is good (apparent or genuine), so in that sense it is not free. However the person is free to choose many things in life because none of them are necessary for the ultimate good, happiness. Only God is necessary for happiness. (22) Primary and secondary senses of immortality: ‘immortality’ primarily means surviving the death of the physical body. Secondary meaning = unending existence of bodiless entities (e.g., angels).

(23) Aquinas on the meaning of life: for Aquinas the meaning of life is to perfect ourselves (become as much like God, whose image we are in, as possible), which is only completed when we become one with God through friendship in heaven, which leads to everlasting and true happiness, which is the goal that God has planned for us. (24) Proximate and ultimate goods: X is proximate if we want X in order to get Y. An ultimate good is something we want to have but not in order to get something else (25) Satiation of intellect: The intellect is satisfied because it is no longer searching for answers—it has all the answers, and (26) Repose of the will: the will is at rest and peaceful because it is no longer searching for good things—it has the infinite good.

(27) Cartesian Dualism = The view that a human being is composed of 2 substances: matter and mind. (28) Cartesian Reductionism: Reductionism = explaining higher being by lower being. Descartes reduced non-human life to non-life. (29) Cartesian Idealism = Descartes begins philosophy in the mind with ideas, namely: I think therefore I am. (30) Clear and distinct ideas are true for Descartes. Descartes did not hold the traditional theory of truth = the correspondence of a proposition to reality. (31) The Three Substance for Descartes = God Mind (essence = thinking), and matter (essence = extension in space) (32) Cartesian Method = Doubt