Photo: David Brazier/IWMI Water for a food-secure world Dr. Simon Langan May 2013 Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa Insights into water and natural resource management for policy development

Water for a food-secure world IWMI Projects Ethiopia/ NRM Nile Basin Development Challenge IMPACT2C Agricultural Water Management Solutions LIVES- Livestock & Irrigated Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders SMART-ICT

Water for a food-secure world NBDC: Developing site-specific RMS interventions and domains to scale-out 1.Understand which RMS is suitable for which location in terms of : –Bio-physical characteristics –Socio-economic situation of the actors (farmer/community) –Institutional settings 2.Provide tools to the national reserach centres and other organisations to provide extension services and NGO’s on the ground the information on site-specific possible interventions 3.Use these to open dialogue with farmers and communities 3

Water for a food-secure world Example: Improved soil and water conservation on farms, along with small water storage systems, enable farmers to introduce high value enterprises (e.g. Apple) but also replace currently used early maturing low-yielding crop varieties with high- yielding ones. This will enable the system to produce more food, more fodder and income.

Water for a food-secure world Suitability

NBDC Innovation Platforms: working with communities to identify issues and solutions important to them and utilises local indigenous knowledge There are prominent local traditional institutions and these demonstrate that collective action is possible if initiated by community members themselves. Potential for harnessing these. Feed into National Platform and SLM

Water for a food-secure world IMPACT2C: Climate Change: Water Availability and Demand Rainfall projected to have increased variability in water source areas of the Nile basin; Greater water management needed. Irrigation water demand will also increase in response to temperature increment. Climate extremes and seasonality are crucial for agriculture productivity Feed into MoWe, MoA, CRGE development

Modeling Framework Watersheds Sub-basins Abay Basin SWAT Model Climate Soil LU WEAP Model RMS Scenarios L-S Dev’t Scenarios Impact Evaluation Large dams and River Junctions

Water for a food-secure world Initial Results: Impact of CC on BN tributaries shown as changes in flow Scenarios Basin 4.21% 3.60%

AWM Technologies: products and practices for smallholder farmers for agriculture use. AWM Solutions: Any measure (knowledge, policies, markets, and financing) that boosts the uptake of AWM and: Contributes to smallholder livelihoods Benefits women and men and does not increase income disparities Is cost-effective to implement Can be out-scaled Addresses resource sustainability AWM Technologies: products and practices for smallholder farmers for agriculture use. AWM Solutions: Any measure (knowledge, policies, markets, and financing) that boosts the uptake of AWM and: Contributes to smallholder livelihoods Benefits women and men and does not increase income disparities Is cost-effective to implement Can be out-scaled Addresses resource sustainability Agricultural Water Management Solutions: To understand the AWM context and where there are investment opportunities that will help poor farmers improve their livelihoods wells

Where to prioritize AWM for smallholders Potential for AWM vary - Where to prioritize AWM for smallholders ? 1) water is available; 2) high dependence on water use for agriculture; 3) high number of smallholders

Water for a food-secure world Suitability domains example: WLT OR + and = Up scaling - What are the most suitable solutions in different context? One scenario for Individual motor pumps

Water for a food-secure world Case Studies in Ethiopia Case StudyRegion Water Lifting Technologies Tigray, Amhara, Ormia & SNNP Watershed Management Tigray, Amhara & Oromia Groundwater Potential Assessment Amhara (Kobo), Tigray (Raya Valley) & Ormia (Adea-Becho) Cost-Benefit Analysis of Groundwater Irrigation Amhara (Kobo) & Tigray (Raya Valley) Small Reservoirs (Dams) Tigray Rainwater harvesting and on- farm water storage Oromia & SNNP Manual Drilling Implemented by IDE

Water for a food-secure world Irrigation in Ethiopia Implementation Design - >90% of small scheme infrastructure performing poorly, do not consider sub-basin impacts or the multiple use aspects, which are important to farmers Poor engineering giving rise to inefficient and expensive schemes, and no measuring devices lead to inequitable water distribution. Governance and Organisation Lack of co-ordination between institutions involved in irrigation Capacity is weak Scheme administration and ownership poor

Water for a food-secure world 1.Initiated and financed by smallholders themselves 2.Owned individually or by small informal groups 3.Used to irrigate small plots (<2 ha) 4.Investment costs typically low and profit margins typically high Smallholder irrigation

Investment costs of irrigation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa Sector largely overlooked by investors

Irrigation pump pricing Cost ComponentAverage Average CIF Value of water pump (Birr)4668 Average tax per unit of water pump (Birr)1832 Average purchase price/water pump (CIF+Tax) (Birr) 6500 Tax rate36 %  Customs duty 10%  Value Added tax 15%  Sur tax 8%  Withhold tax 3%

Production Postharvest handling Retailing Consumption Trading Market support services Financial services Transportation Communications Govt. Policy/regulation Extension Service Input supply Business support services and enabling environment Research Trading Input Supply Processing L ivestock and I rrigated V alue chains for E thiopian S mallholders

Water for a food-secure world Poorly developed equipment supply chain, low quality pumps, limited choice, high taxes and transaction costs. Lack of  information and knowledge on irrigation, seeds, marketing and equipment.  access to infrastructure; output markets are dominated by brokers. Frequent breakdown of pumps and high maintenance cost Weak  input & spare-part supply, maintenance service, extension service LIVES: Irrigated Value Chains component

Water for a food-secure world Potential interventions in irrigated VCs Production Access to improved seeds and seedlings Irrigated agriculture technologies including on-farm water management Crops staggering – adapt crop calendars to market demand Pests and diseases control Increase of labor productivity (farming tools and equipments) Post harvest handling Better practices to respond to market demand : quality of product: hygiene, level of impurities, storage, packaging, etc.

Water for a food-secure world LIVES outcomes 1)Increasing smallholders’ access to inputs and markets 2)Promoting locally adapted improved irrigated agriculture technologies 3)Improving extension and business support services 4)Strengthening WUAs and support services for better irrigation productivity and sustainability 5)Securing smallholders’ water rights and sustainable management of natural resources 6)Increasing role of Ethiopian women in irrigation

Water for a food-secure world SMART-ICT: From pixels….to information….to simple action messages