WESTWARD EXPANSION From Sea to Shining Sea

The Louisiana Territory (15.2)

 Vocab:  Territory = a region designed by Congress and organized under a governor; a region of land  Louisiana  First territory offered for expansion  Butts up with MS River on the East Ideal for farming, trading, transportation  Extends all the way to the Rocky Mts.  “A Noble Bargain”  Jefferson purchases territory from France (Napoleon) for $15 million  This more than doubled the size of the country at the time  The Purchase Debate  Not everyone supported the purchase  Concerns included: How would it be governed? Did the country have enough money to spend on this purchase? Claims of purchase being unconstitutional  Purchase was approved and ratified in 1803

Florida (15.3)

 Vocab:  Diplomacy = conducting negotiations with other countries  Jackson Invades Florida  Florida under Spain’s control  Prez. Monroe sent Jackson to GA to chase Natives back to FL  Jackson instead brought 1700 troops to FL and took over the region He even replaced the Spanish governor Spain was angry  “Govern or get out”  Monroe, advised by Adams, threatens Spain to run FL properly or get out  Spain, fearing war and in need of money opts out Sells FL to US in 1819 for $5 million Spain would continue control of Texas

Texas (15.3)

 American come to Texas  Texas = a valuable territory, run by Spain  1821 Spanish officials give businessman, Austin, a piece of land in TX  Simultaneously, Mexico declares independence from Spain & Texas becomes part of Mexico Austin could still start colony but settlers who were allowed in had to be Mexican citizens and become Catholic  Rising Tension  By 1830: 25,000 Americans to 4,000 Tejanos (Texans from Mexico)  Americans did not like the way Mexico governed Angered the Mexico outlaws slavery  Mexico was resentful of US and closed border for further immigration  The Texans Rebel  Austin askes MX to reopen borders for immigration  Santa Ana jails Austin  In response, Texans revolt, Santa Ana responds with force

Texas (15.3)  The Alamo  San Antonio, TX  Texas took control of the mission building  Santa Ana had his men surround the building  12 day bombardment  March 6, 1836: 90 minute battle, all Texans died  Texans enraged  Texans win Independence  Sam Houston = commander of Texas army  Houston draws Santa Ana’s troops deeper into TX  Texas War for Independence Surprise attack = Santa Ana retreats = independence won “Remember the Alamo”  To Annex Texas or Not?  Earned nickname = The Lone Star State  US had different opinions South = approved of annexation since Texas allowed slavery North = opposed annexation because they did not support it entering as a slave state  Manifest Destiny wins = Texas is annexed in 1845 Annex = to add a territory to a country

Oregon Country (15.5)

 Discovering Oregon  1819 = Russia, Spain, Great Britain, US claim OR Country  1835 = Only GB and US remain  US entered thanks to Lewis & Clark expedition btwn 1804 – 1806  Smith found a safer, flatter route through he Rockies called South Pass  Oregon Fever  Missionaries were first to travel the South Pass  1843 = over 1000 pioneers had travelled west to OR and the numbers continued to multiply  All of Oregon or Half?  1844 = Polk elected president Rallied supporters: he wanted to annex all of OR country “All of Oregon or None” “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”  Treaty with Great Britain Ratified in 1846 GB moves North into present day Canada No fighting needed

The Mexican-American War (15.6)

 War Breaks Out In Texas  Polk continued expanding US borders  Wanted CA and NM Under the control of Mexico at that time Albeit loosely governed and thinly populated  The annexation of Texas infuriated Mexico  1846 = Mexico fires on US troops on the Rio Grande killing 16. Polk declares this an act of war Mexican-American War is on!  The Fall of New Mexico & California  Gen. Kearny led the Army of the West out of Kansas in to NM then CA  Mexico could not keep up  Kearny takes NM without a fight  Meantime, Fremont led rebellion against MX in CA Bear Flag Republic  Kearny & Fremont join forces in CA = become victorious

The Mexican-American War (15.6)  US Invades Mexico  Gen. Taylor brings troops to MX from TX  Northern MX = forces meet in Buena Vista, bloody battles Santa Ana gives up  Southern MX US Gen. Scott takes Mexico City  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  1848 treaty signed by US and MX Land acquired becomes known as the Mexican Cession Present day CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM  Terms included: MX gave up half its territory US paid MXD $15million & agreed to protect MX citizens in TX  Congress disagreed on the treaty but it was approved by a vote of  Gadsden Purchase  1853 = James Gadsden purchased land just south of MX Cession for $10million  Land was great for extending railroad – transportation made easier  Purchase created border between US and MX