Chapter 11: Pregnancy and Childbirth Family and Consumer Science Department Mrs. Karen Swope Family and Consumer Science Department Mrs. Karen Swope

Pregnancy- the condition of carrying a developing child in the uterus. Conception occurs when sperm and egg unite Sperm and egg each contain 23 chromosomes The new cell now contains 46 chromosomes and is called a zygote Zygote travels through the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall

Early cell division - 30 hours

Signs of Pregnancy Missed menstrual cycle, or spotting Hormonal changes cause the woman to be very tired Nausea (may occur at any time, not just in the morning) Breasts become tender, may feel fuller Frequent urination

Pregnancy tests  Performed in a medical office, health clinic - most accurate; may use urine or blood test  Home tests - fairly accurate, greater chance of error, best if done 1 week after missed period  Test detects HCG hormone in woman’s urine (HCG is secreted by the blastocyst).  Take note of expiration date on package  Performed in a medical office, health clinic - most accurate; may use urine or blood test  Home tests - fairly accurate, greater chance of error, best if done 1 week after missed period  Test detects HCG hormone in woman’s urine (HCG is secreted by the blastocyst).  Take note of expiration date on package

 Physical exam: 6-8 wks into pregnancy a pelvic exam should be done  uterus increases in size, cervix softens  A thorough health history is done  Delivery date is predicted

Prenatal Support Systems  Amniotic sac- membrane that surrounds and protects  Amniotic fluid- fluid in sac that cushions and protects  Amniotic sac- membrane that surrounds and protects  Amniotic fluid- fluid in sac that cushions and protects

Prenatal support systems  Placenta - organ in which the mother’s blood vessels meet the baby’s capillaries.  Umbilical cord- cord of blood vessels that connects the placenta to the baby  Placenta - organ in which the mother’s blood vessels meet the baby’s capillaries.  Umbilical cord- cord of blood vessels that connects the placenta to the baby

Embryo Stage  Begins at implantation in uterine wall through the end of 2nd month  Development is rapid  Foundations for brain, spinal cord, nervous system, eyes form  Begins at implantation in uterine wall through the end of 2nd month  Development is rapid  Foundations for brain, spinal cord, nervous system, eyes form

Embryo Stage  Heart is pumping  By 8 weeks all internal organs are developing  Mother’s diet and environment can have a great affect on embryo’s development  Embryo is about 1/2 inch long  Heart is pumping  By 8 weeks all internal organs are developing  Mother’s diet and environment can have a great affect on embryo’s development  Embryo is about 1/2 inch long

The Fetal Stage 3rd month RBeginning of the 3rd month REyelids form RMovement begins RGenitals have appeared RBeginning of the 3rd month REyelids form RMovement begins RGenitals have appeared

The Fetal Stage 4th month RRapid growth R6 inches, 4-7 ounces RSkin is thin and transparent RMother notices movement RLanugo appears- downy hair over fetus’s body RRapid growth R6 inches, 4-7 ounces RSkin is thin and transparent RMother notices movement RLanugo appears- downy hair over fetus’s body

The Fetal Stage 4th month

The Fetal Stage 5th month RAbout 12 inches long R8oz oz. RVernix appears - white, pasty substance that coats and protects the fetus’s skin RAbout 12 inches long R8oz oz. RVernix appears - white, pasty substance that coats and protects the fetus’s skin

The Fetal Stage 6th month R9-14 inches long R1 1/2 pounds RLungs and digestive system are still developing RIf born now, has a very slim chance of survival R9-14 inches long R1 1/2 pounds RLungs and digestive system are still developing RIf born now, has a very slim chance of survival

The Fetal Stage 7th month RAbout 15 inches R2-3 pounds RLittle fat under skin’s surface RFair chance of survival is born prematurely RAbout 15 inches R2-3 pounds RLittle fat under skin’s surface RFair chance of survival is born prematurely

The Fetal Stage 8th month R16-17 inches long RAbout 4 pounds RRefinement of internal organs RFetus may hiccup R16-17 inches long RAbout 4 pounds RRefinement of internal organs RFetus may hiccup

The Fetal Stage 9th month R38-40 weeks is considered full term R6-9 pounds R17-22 inches long RLanugo and vernix are almost gone RLightening - baby shifts head down, ready for birth RPlacenta releases oxytocin, starts labor R38-40 weeks is considered full term R6-9 pounds R17-22 inches long RLanugo and vernix are almost gone RLightening - baby shifts head down, ready for birth RPlacenta releases oxytocin, starts labor